WPC 2BC^ Z)2|H67cpi(Z1A)Line Printer 16.67cpiUnivers (Scalable)Univers Italic (Scalable)HP LaserJet IIISiHPLASIII.PRSH H@:C,\|h@Line Printer 16.67cpiUnivers (Scalable)x (#%'0*,.8135@8:6.(&. .f T BhCArAIRAKLIONGRGREECEvA@Pnt@1@001986?USING SONDE MODELVIZ OMEGAUK Met. O. (pers. comm.)Derived from D MET O 1/6/1/15I1c16754Yesggg^MLHF>6.(&. .e T BhCArAIRAKLIONGRGREECEvA@Pnt@1@001982?USING RADIAT. CORR.NO RAD. CORRECTIONUK Met. O. (pers. comm.)Derived from WMO (1982)R1c16754Yesrrr`MLHF>6.(&. .d T BhCArAIRAKLIONGRGREECEvA@Pnt@1@001982?USING SONDE MODELVAISALA RS21UK Met. O. (pers. comm.)Derived from WMO (1982)I1c16754Yesjjj^MLHF>6.(&. .c 33 BffCArAIRAKLIONGRGREECEfffffA@t@1@001978CHANGE SONDE MODELVIZ AMT4 toVAISALA RS21Gaffen (1993)cto16754Nouif^LLHF>6.(&.  .` T BhCArAIRAKLIONGRGREECEvA@Pnt@1@051971STATION CLOSEDNOAA NCDC16754NojhccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccZZZZLLHF>6.(&. ._ T BhCArAIRAKLIONGRGREECEvA@Pnt@1@091964STATION OPENEDNOAA NCDC16754NojhccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccZZZZLLHF>6.(&. .^ T BhCArAIRAKLIONGRGREECEvA@Pnt@1@001960?USING SONDE MODELU.S.A. CMD 18UK Met. O. (pers. comm.)Derived from WMO (1965)I1c16754Yeskkk^MLHF>6.(&.K 2 0 MI'f,(%Hp-t %BCC~BZONGULDAKTUTURKEYD@33333t@a@001986?USING RADIAT. CORR.NO RAD. CORRECTIONUK Met. O. (pers. comm.)Derived from D MET O .t %BCC~BZONGULDAKTUTURKEYD@33333t@a@001986?USING RADIAT. CORR.NO RAD. CORRECTIONUK Met. O. (pers. comm.)Derived from D MET O 1/6/1/15R1c?17022YessssaNMIG?7/)'. .s %BCC~BZONGULDAKTUTURKEY#X~xP7qXP#    ЊX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:    Comment+# T =no+# Any nonstandard information or explanatory text.>  !+#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 3. A sample of records from the main Station History table for five stations. Each record spans two pages. The fields shown are those listed in Table 2, except the "Comment" and "Record Number"  S fields are not shown.#TxP7QP#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 3.#TxP7QP#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 3.#TxP7QP#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 3.#TxP7QP#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 4. Radiosonde types, their country of origin, and their sensors. This is a small subset of the full table in the digital metadata set and is meant only as a sample of the type of information  S included.#TxP7QP# ^ a<<<<a7  <<<<J %s' ^   J  dB J* Typex  dB p E Country Ãx c]Temperature Sensor |}Humidity Sensor  dB PPressure Sensor ă z J A22III (403 MHz)L USSRL Spiral bimetal plate Goldbeater's skin Two bronze aneroid boxes with thermal compensationz   Graw M60 (27 and 403 MHz)l  Germanyl  Bimetal cylinderl  Artificial hairl  Aneroid capsule   GZZ7 China Rod thermistor Carbon hygristor Nickel span C aneroid z l  India Mark 3 (401 and 1680 MHz) India Rod thermistor with titanium dioxide coating Lithium chloride hygristor Baroswitchz  @  Kew Mark IIB United Kingdom Cylindrical bimetallic strip Unvarnished goldbeater's skin Aneroid capsule l  MARS (1782 MHz) (Also known as MARZ)b USSRb Rod thermistor (covered with antiradiation hydrophobic varnish since 1967) Goldbeater's skin Nonel   Meisei RSII80( Japan( White glasscoated thermistor Carbon hygristor Nickelspan aneroid capsule z  Mesural FMO 1944C (400 MHz) France Whitecoated rod thermistor (VIZ military model)H Goldbeater's skin diaphragmH Aneroid capsule (precalibrated)z   Philips Mark IIv Australia White ceramic rod resistor Lithium chloride Single aneroid capsule z H SRS400 (Meteolabor)J Switzerland Thermocouple VIZ AccuLok Hygristor (13286065) Water hypsometerz z  Visl RS80 Finland THERMOCAP ceramic capacitive bead  HUMICAP capacitive thin film element  BAROCAP capacitive aneroid sensor z    VIZ 1395 (403 MHz)N! USAN! Rod thermistor with white coating! Carbon hygristor! Baroswitch   ! -O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 5. Humidity sensor types and operating principles.#TxP7QP# ^ <<<<J %s'  <<<<!Ix ^  .    dB \% Humidity Sensor ă  dB R\h Operating Principle ă  dB r Reference ă.   HUMAN HAIR The length of human hair increases with increasing relative humidity. WMO (1983) z  ROLLED HUMAN HAIR The length of human hair increases with relative humidity. Hairs that have been flattened with rollers have improved response.   WMO (1983)z z  GOLDBEATERS SKIN9 A membrane from the intestine of an ox (used also to separate gold leaf) changes length in response to humidity changes.  WMO (1983)z z   LiCl HYGRISTOR The resistance of a strip coated with an electrolytic film of lithium chloride increases with increasing relative humidity.  WMO (1983)z z   CARBON HYGRISTOR- Finely divided carbon particles are suspended in a hygroscopic film whose length changes with humidity, and the resistance increases with humidity.y WMO (1983)z .   RE-DESIGNED RH DUCT Humidity sensor is housed in a newly designed duct. None.   y HUMICAP - BEAD A thinfilm sensor whose capacitance varies with relative humidity. A polymer serves as a dielectric material on this sensor, used on Visl radiosondes.1 Visl Met Systems (1990)    S} #X~xP7qXP#Table 6. Temperature sensor types.#TxP7QP# T <<<<!Ix  <<<< !Uz T   .   dBX b# Temperature Sensor ă:  dBX Wai Operating Principle ă:  dBX q Reference ă.    THERMISTORh The electrical resistance of a ceramic element changes with temperature. WMO (1983)  : ROD THERMISTOR< The electrical resistance of a cylindrical ceramic element changes with temperature. WMO (1983)   BEAD THERMISTOR The electrical resistance of a spherical ceramic element changes with temperature. WMO (1983) z  BIMETAL Two metals of different expansivity (usually invar and steel or invar and brass) are riveted or welded together so that the element bends when heated.0 WMO (1983)z .  BIMETAL COIL^ A bimetal in the shape of a coil.^ WMO (1983). . 0 BIMETAL STRIP A bimetal in the shape of a strip. WMO (1983). . ^ CERAMIC FLAKE! Uncertain.! . z   THERMOCAP - BEAD" The capacitance of a dielectric ceramic bead changes with temperature. Used on Visl radiosondes.# Visl Met Systems (1990)z . ! WIRE RESISTORb% The resistance of a metal wire changes with temperature.b% WMO (1983).  4$ BOURDON TUBE& Uncertain. (Bourdon tubes are generally associated with pressure measurements.)6'   b% CAPACITIVE TYPEd( Uncertain. Probably, sensor capacitance varies with temperature. )  >  6' ELECTROLYTIC TYPEH* Uncertain.H* >  )H*!-O+O+  S   #X~xP7qXP#Table 7. Pressure sensor types.#TxP7QP# T <<<< !Uz  <<<<" T >  .  )  dB y Pressure Sensor ă  dB  `Operating Principle ă  dB ' Reference ă.   ANEROID Capsule made of metal with elastic properties deflects with changes in atmospheric pressure. WMO (1983)   BOURDON TUBE A tube of elliptical cross section changes in cross section and length as a function of atmospheric pressure.e WMO (1983)   BELLOWS TYPE Flexible bellows respond to changes in atmospheric pressure.9 WMO (1983) z e BAROCAPg Small aneroid capsule responds to changes in pressure measured by capacitive transducer plates inside. Used on Visl radiosondes.  Visl Met Systems (1990)z   9 HYPSOMETER An electrical thermometer measures the boiling point of a liquid, which is a function of atmospheric pressure.  WMO (1983)     S #X~xP7qXP#Table 8. Duct types.#TxP7QP# O <<<<"  <<<<r" O .  r  dB . $ Abbreviated Entry in Main  dBd Table F  dB r@| Explanation ă . r NO DUCTt Sensor is not in a duct.. . F DUCT Sensor is in a duct.. >  t REDESIGNED DUCT Sensor is not changed, but the duct design is changed.>    S, #X~xP7qXP#Table 9. List of balloon types.#TxP7QP# E <<<<r"  !<<<<"x E > .  dd"VARNISHED PAPER. .  dd"GOLDBEATERS SKIN. .  dd"SILK. .  dd"RUBBER. . E dd"MULTIPLE BALLOON. . s dd"WITH PARACHUTE. .  dd"LATEX. >  dd"PLASTIC>  !"-',',  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 10. Humidity algorithms.#TxP7QP# E !<<<<"x  A<<<<# E .    dB 2 $ Abbreviated Entry in Main  dB Table c  dB vD| Explanation ă .  MANUALLY COMPUTED Humidity computations are made by hand.. . c SLIDE RULE A specially designed slide rule is used.. .  GRAPH A specially designed graph is used.. .  NOMOGRAM A specially designed graph and ruler are used..   EVALUATORI A specially designed mechanical device, often circular, operated much like a slide rule, is used. .  PSYCHROMETRIC TABLE Numerical tables are used.. .   AUTOMATIC COMPUTINGK Computations are done by machine (computer).. .   CORRECTED ALGORITHMy An earlier algorithm has been corrected.. . K  BILLIONS ALGORITHM Algorithm developed by Billions (1965). >  y  MISC. ALGORITHM Miscellaneous algorithm.>     1#-',',  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 11. Radiation corrections.#TxP7QP# O A<<<<#  a<<<<$ O .    dB  $ $ Abbreviated Entry in Main à  dB Table c  dB i Explanation ăc  dB  Reference ă .  NO RAD. CORRECTION No radiation corrections are applied. . . c MISC. RADIATION COR. A radiation correction is applied. .   SCRASE CORRECTIONS Corrections developed for the U.K. Meteorological Office MKIIB radiosonde. Scrase (1954, 1956); Hawson (1956) .  VAISALA CORRECTIONS Corrections developed by Visl are applied. .   VAISALA RS18 Corrections developed by Visl for the RS18 radiosonde are applied.  Antikainen (1973); Visl (1965)   VAISALA RS21 Corrections developed by Visl for the RS21 radiosonde are applied.i      VAISALA RS80 1982 Corrections developed by Visl in 1982 for the RS80 radiosonde are applied.=   i  VAISALA RS80 1986k Corrections developed by Visl in 1986 for the RS80 radiosonde are applied. Visl Met Systems (1989) z = VAISALA 1986 NO I.R? Solar radiation corrections developed by Visl in 1986 for the RS80 radiosonde are applied but without the infrared component. z   VAISALA RS80 1993 Corrections developed by Visl in 1993 for the RS80 radiosonde are applied._  .  COR. AT 30 & 50 MB Corrections are made at 30 and 50 mb. .   _ COR. BET. 400 & 10 MB  Corrections are made for levels between 400 and 10 mb.a Gaffen (1993; see page 86 on United States); Hayashi et al. (1956)    COR. AT 200 & 100 MB Corrections are made at 200 and 100 mb. Gaffen (1993; see page 44 on Hong Kong)   UKMO KEW MK3 COR. Corrections for the U.K. Meteorological Office MK3 radiosonde.U  .  GRAW M60 CORRECTIONS Corrections for the Graw M60 radiosonde. .  U GRAW 1978 COR. Uncertain. Probably corrections developed in 1978 for the Graw radiosonde.W     DESIGNED FOR UCCLE Uncertain. Probably specific corrections designed for application at the Uccle, Belgium, station.!   W!$-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 12. Data correction types.#TxP7QP# O a<<<<$  <<<<% O .    dB * $ Abbreviated Entry in Main à  dB Table c  dB n<| Explanation ă .  NO CORRECTION No corrections are applied..  c TEMP. LAG CORRECTION Corrections are applied to adjust for the lag in the temperature sensor.   RH LAG CORRECTION Corrections are applied to adjust for the lag in the relative humidity sensor. . e PRES. LAG CORRECTIONg Corrections are applied to adjust for the lag in the pressure sensor.. . 9 MISC. CORRECTION A miscellaneous correction is applied..   g  VIRTUAL TEMP. CORR. Uncertain. Probably, this involves the (correct) use of virtual temperature, rather than (incorrect) use of temperature, in the calculation of geopotential height.     Sk #X~xP7qXP#Table 13. Data cutoff types.#TxP7QP# J <<<<%  <<<<% J .    dBF + $ Abbreviated Entry in Main à  dB Table   dBF o=| Explanation ă .  NO CUTOFFS Data reported for the entire sounding.. .  NO DATA ABOVE 10 MB* Soundings terminated at 10 mb.. .  NO RH ABOVE 200 MBX Humidity data terminated at 200 mb.. . * NO RH ABOVE 300 MB Humidity data terminated at 300 mb.. . X RH MISSING FOR T<-40 Humidity data not reported for temperature below 40$C..   T<-65 OR RH<9% NO RH Humidity data not reported for temperature below 65$C or relative humidity below 9%.   T<-40 OR RH<15 NO RH Humidity data not reported for temperature below 40$C or relative humidity below 15%.   P<300 OR T<-40 NO RH Humidity data not reported for pressure lower than 300 mb or temperature below 40$C.  \ P<200 OR T<-60 NO RH^ Humidity data not reported for pressure lower than 200 mb or temperature below 60$C.  0 P<200 OR T<-65 NO RH2 Humidity data not reported for pressure lower than 200 mb or temperature below 65$C.   P<100 OR T<-60 NO RH" Humidity data not reported for pressure lower than 100 mb or temperature below 60$C. .   RH MISSING FOR T<-60# Humidity data not reported for temperature below 60$C..  " DEW PT=30 FOR RH<30%% Dew point depression reported at 30$ when relative humidity is below 30%.  # DEW PT=30 FOR RH<20%& Dew point depression reported at 30$ when relative humidity is below 20%.  % SET RH=10% FOR RH<10%( Relative humidity is set at 10% for all values measured as less than 10%. >  ' MISC. CUTOFF* Miscellaneous cutoff.>  V)*%-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 14. Reporting practices.#TxP7QP# J <<<<%  <<<<& J .    dB # $ Abbreviated Entry in Main à  dB Table c  dB g5| Explanation ă .  WINDS IN M/SEC Winds are reported in units of meters per second.. . c WINDS IN KNOTS Winds are reported in units of knots (nautical miles per hour).. .  HUMIDITY AS RH Humidity data are given in terms of relative humidity.. .  HUMIDITY AS DEW PT. Humidity data are given in terms of dew point temperature.. >   HUMIDITY AS DPDY Humidity data are given in terms of dew point depression.>    S #X~xP7qXP#Table 15. Ground equipment types.#TxP7QP# J <<<<&  <<<<4 &Q' J . . 4   dB $ Ground System ăb  dB Fv Explanation ă.  4  72.2 MHz A shortwave receiver operating a 72.2 MHz. Audiomodulated signals are recorded on a chart roll. See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details.  b  SCR 584d Signal Corps Radiodirectionfinder. Manually operated electronic tracking device. z 6 SCR 658 & METOX8 Signal Corps Radiodirectionfinder. Manually operated electronic tracking device. See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details. The of meaning notation "SCR 658 & METOX" is unclear.z z   GMD Ground Meteorological Directionfinding. Electronic theodolite and radio receiver developed by U.S. military. See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details.z   GMD-1, First operational version of the GMD system. See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details. .  GMD-1A Version of the GMD1 system. . .  GMD-1B. Version of the GMD1 system. . z  GMD-4\ Version of the GMD system, presumably with a transponder system, allowing the measurement of slant range (as was included in the GMD2 design). See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details.z . . WBRT-57 U.S. Weather Bureau radiotheodolite, based on the GMD technology.. .  WBRT-60 U.S. Weather Bureau radiotheodolite.. .  LORAN2 System using longrange navigation.. .  OPTICAL THEODOLITE`! Visual tracking of balloon using optical theodolite.. . 2  RADIOTHEODOLITE" Radio tracking of balloon using radiotheodolite.. >  `! ADRES# Canadian computerized ground station. See Gaffen (1993).>  "#&-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 16. Computing systems.#TxP7QP# J <<<<4 &Q'  <<<<'a  J .    dB h & Abbreviated Entry in Main à  dB Table c  dB ~ Explanation ă   MANUAL METHODS Human operators compute meteorological quantities using graphs of radio signals as a function of flight time.  c CALCULATORe Electronic calculators are used in computations of meteorological quantities.  7 SEMI-AUTOMATIC METH.9 Some, but not all, of the calculations are made automatically, with the aid of a programmable desktop calculator. .   AUTOMATIC METHODS All the data reduction is done automatically, by computer.. .  TRANSISTORIZED EQUIP.; Computers based on transistor technology are used..    TIME SHARE COMPUTERi Computations are done with the aid of a large computer, not dedicated to the task of radiosonde data processing. . ;  MINI-COMPUTER= Computations are done using a personal computer.. z   CORAk Computations are made by the Visl Correlation Radio Wind System (CORA) dedicated ground system, which also tracks the radiosonde using the OMEGA navigational network.z  = MICROCORA Computations are made by the Visl MicroCORA dedicated ground system. z  DIGICORA Computations are made by the Visl DigiCORA dedicated ground system, which also tracks the radiosonde using the Navaid navigational networks.z z  ART SYSTEM3 Computations are made by the U.S. National Weather Service Automatic RadioTheodolite ground system, which employs a desktop computer.z .  MINI-ART 1 SYSTEM Updated version of the ART system.. .  MINI-ART 2 SYSTEM Further updated version of the ART system.. >   MICRO-ART SYSTEM An updated system based on MINIART.>  '-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 17. Country digraphs and associated country names.#TxP7QP# T <<<<'a   !<<<<(i  " " T .  .  " dB " Digraph o JCountry"sDigraph  dB Country ă.  .  "$AF Afghanistan"uIO British Indian Ocean Territory.  "$AL  Albania "uVI  British Virgin Islands"$AG' Algeria'"uBX' Brunei "$AQE American SamoaE"uBUE Bulgaria'"$ANc Andorrac"uUVc BurkinaE"$AO Angola "uBM Burmac"$AV Anguilla "uBY Burundi "$AY Antarctica "uCB Cambodia "$AC Antigua and Barbuda "uCM Cameroon "$XQ Arctic Ocean "uCA Canada "$AR Argentina"uCV Cape Verde "$AM5 Armenia5"uCJ5 Cayman Islands"$AAS ArubaS"uCTS Central African Republic5"$ATq Ashmore and Cartier Islandsq"uCDq ChadS"$ZH Atlantic Ocean"uCI Chileq"$AS Australia"uCH China"$AU Austria"uKT Christmas Island"$AJ Azerbaijan"uIP Clipperton Island"$BF The Bahamas"uCK Cocos (Keeling) Islands"$BA% Bahrain%"uCO% Colombia"$FQC Baker IslandC"uCNC Comoros%"$BGa Bangladesha"uCFa CongoC"$BB Barbados"uCW Cook Islandsa"$BS Bassas da India"uCR Coral Sea Islands"$BO  Belarus"uCS CostaRica"$BE Belgium"uIV Cote d'Ivoire"$BH Belize "uHR Croatia"$BN" Benin""uCU" Cuba "$BD3# Bermuda3#"uCY3# Cyprus""$BTQ$ BhutanQ$"uEZQ$ Czech Republic3#"$BLo% Boliviao%"uDAo% DenmarkQ$"$BK& Bosnia and Herzegovina&"uDJ& Djiboutio%"$BC' Botswana'"uDO' Dominica&"$BV( Bouvet Island("uDR( Dominican Republic'"$BR) Brazil)"uEC) Ecuador#( *"-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 17.#TxP7QP# ^ !<<<<"i  " "  A<<<<#i  " " ^ .  (" dB ") Digraph  JCountry"sSDigraph  dB Country ă.  .  "$EG Egypt "uVT Holy See (Vatican City).  "$ES  El Salvador "uHO  Honduras"$EK' Equatorial Guinea '"uHK' Hong Kong  "$ERE EritreaE"uHQE Howland Island '"$ENc Estoniac"uHUc HungaryE"$ET Ethiopia "uIC Icelandc"$EU Europa Island "uIN India  "$FA Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) "uXO Indian Ocean  "$FO Faroe Islands "uID Indonesia  "$FJ Fiji "uIR Iran "$FI Finland"uIZ Iraq "$FR5 France5"u EI5 Ireland"$FGS French GuianaS"uISS Israel5"$FPq French Polynesiaq"uITq Italy S"$FS French Southern and Antarctic Lands "uJM Jamaicaq"$GB Gabon "uJN Jan Mayen "$GA The Gambia"uJA Japan "$GZ Gaza Strip"uDQ Jarvis Island"$GG Georgia"uJE Jersey"$GM% Germany%"uJQ% Johnston Atoll "$GHC Ghana C"uJOC Jordan%"$GIa Gibraltar a"uJUa Juan de Nova IslandC"$GO Glorioso Islands"uKZ Kazakhstana"$GR Greece"uKE Kenya "$GL Greenland "uKQ Kingman Reef"$GJ Grenada"uKR Kiribati"$GP Guadeloupe "uKN North Korea"$GQ" Guam""uKS" South Korea "$GT3# Guatemala 3#"uKU3# Kuwait""$GKQ$ GuernseyQ$"uKGQ$ Kyrgyzstan3#"$GVo% Guineao%"uLAo% LaosQ$"$PU& Guinea-Bissau&"uLG& Latviao%"$GY' Guyana'"uLE' Lebanon&"$HA( Haiti ("uLT( Lesotho'"$HM) Heard Island and McDonald Islands)"u LI) Liberia #(*#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 17.#TxP7QP# ^ A<<<<#i  " "  a<<<<$i  " " ^ .  (" dB ") Digraph  JCountry"sSDigraph  dB Country ă.  .  "$LY Libya "uNU Nicaragua .  "$LS  Liechtenstein "uNG  Niger "$LH' Lithuania '"uNI' Nigeria "$LUE LuxembourgE"uNEE Niue'"$MCc Macau c"uNFc Norfolk Island E"$MK Macedonia  "uCQ Northern Mariana Islandsc"$MA Madagascar "uNO Norway "$MI Malawi "uMU Oman "$MY Malaysia "uNQ Pacific Islands (Palau) "$MV Maldives "uZN Pacific Ocean "$ML Mali"uPK Pakistan "$MT5 Malta 5"uLQ5 Palmyra Atoll"$IMS Isle of ManS"uPMS Panama5"$RMq Marshall Islandsq"uPPq Papua New GuineaS"$MB Martinique"uPF Paracel Islandsq"$MR Mauritania"uPA Paraguay"$MP Mauritius "uPE Peru"$MF Mayotte"uRP Philippines"$MX Mexico"uPC Pitcairn Islands"$FM% Federated States of Micronesia%"uPL% Poland"$MQC Midway Islands C"uPOC Portugal%"$MDa Moldovaa"uQRa Puerto RicoC"$MN Monaco"uQA Qatar a"$MG Mongolia"uRE Reuniontk#HHH,H H@7@52~CC,qX~xP7XPl42~CC,)qX~xx7XX2~CC,ChlX~L p?7Xtl(pD|dt8|d|dttpNddd@hXXlxlHLl@llx@l@'l@p2L[I U$Line Printer 16.67cpiUnivers (Scalable)Univers Italic (Scalable)Univers Bold (Scalable)1pC4,WXp2PCXPEECEfffffA@t@1@001988CHANGE SONDE MODELVAISALA RS21 toVAISALA RS80Gaf(1993)cto16754Noymj^LLHF>6.(&. .f T BhC"m'^CCd~~ȘCCC~CCCC~~~~~~~~~~CChȔ~so8okw~ȐzCCCddCkskskJss00k0ssssFdJsooo`YdYd~~~~~CCCCk~~~~~~d~z0kkkkkĪksksksksk80808080sssssssssoksssoswskkkkkkksskskskskssssssss80808080`okk0k0k0kIk0sssssȵFFFdddd~J~J~JssssssȮoz`z`z`sk0sFd~JoosssCdddCC/Nd~~Choo~~~QQ~NNdd~NCddd~JJ~~zzdddzzxCdxN"Ȑdjd dCCȐzȐCd~w~ȣȔ`C~o~sȐdȐȐxȮzȐUwxŐdȐYYxCCCCΔs~wodssdz]sz84ddwo`szwsz]~]wosds44swwsCC~~~~~~~sssssssssssssssssssdddddddssssssssssssssssssss444444444444ssssssswwwwwwwwwwwwCzs8dYCx2~)Գ"m'^CCd~~ȘCCC~CCCC~~~~~~~~~~CChȔ~so8okw~ȐzCCCddCkskskJss00k0ssssFdJsooo`YdYd~~~~~CCCCk~~~~~~d~z0kkkkkĪksksksksk80808080sssssssssoksssoswskkkkkkksskskskskssssssss80808080`okk0k0k0k?k0sssssȵFFFdddd~J~J~JssssssȮoz`z`z`sk0sFd~JoosssCdddCC/Nd~~Choo~~~QQ~NNdd~NCddd~JJ~~zzdddzzxCdxN"ȐdnddCCȐzȐCd~w~ȣȔ`C~o~sȐdȐȐxȮzȐUwxŐdȐYYxCCCCΔs~wodssdz]sz84ddwo`szwsz]~]wosds44swwsCC~~~~~~~sssssssssssssssssssdddddddssssssssssssssssssss444444444444ssssssswwwwwwwwwwwwCzs8dYCx"m'^CCh~~ȘCCC~CCCC~~~~~~~~~~CChȔ~so8okw~ȐzCCCddCkskskJss00k0ssssFdJsooo`dddd~~~~~CCCCk~~~~~~d~z0kkkkkĪksksksksk80808080sssssssssoksssoswskkkkkkksskskskskssssssss80808080`okk0k0k0kNk8sssssȵFFFdddd~J~J~JssssssȮoz`z`z`sk0sFd~JoosssCdddCC/Nd~~Choo~~~QQ~NNdd~NCddd~JJ~~zzdddzzxCdxN"Ȑdod dCCȐzȐCd~w~ȣȔ`C~o~sȐdȐȐxȮzȐUwxŐdȐddxCCCCΔs~wodssdz]sz84ddwo`szwsz]~]wosds44swwsCC~~~~~~~sssssssssssssssssssdddddddssssssssssssssssssss444444444444ssssssswwwwwwwwwwwwCzs8dYCx"m'^,,CTTe,,,T,,,,TTTTTTTTTT,,EcT^`MJc`%JYHy`eOhVVT```[Q,,,CC,HMHMH1MM H tMMMM/C1MJtJJ@;C;CTTTTT,,,,HTTTTTTCTQ cHcHcHcHcHr^HMHMHMHMH% % % % `MeMeMeMeM`M`M`M`M[JcH`MeMeM[J`MOMcHcHcH^H^H^H^H`MMHMHMHMHcMcMcMcMcMcM`M`M% % % % l@JYHH H H H0H `M`[`M`MeMeMyV/V/V/VCVCVCVCT1T1T1`M`M`M`M`M`Mt[JQ@Q@Q@`MH `MV/VCT1[J[J`MeM`M,CCC,,/N```CTT,EJJTTT66T44CCT4,CCCT11TTRReCC`C[{{QQx,Cx4"``C`F``C充C,,`Q``````````,CcTOTmc@,T`JTM`h[``````````C``````xtYQh`9O````x```C```````;````;```````````````````````````````````x````````,```,```,```,`````````````cMTOJCcMMCQ>`MeQ%#YCcCyO`J`@eMmQOMQV>T>[O{``J{`mhMCM##MOOhMVh[`,,TTTTTTTMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMCCCCCCCMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM############MMMMMMMOOOOOOOOOOOOhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh,QcM`%e[mC;,x2Z tk#HHH,H H@7@52~CC,qX~xP7XPl42~CC,)qX~xx7XX?2~CC,ChlX~L p?7XId!T,,,QTxP7Pd!T,,,CHTL p?7~~~|p~~~|p~|pP p%!|p&+"m'^,,ETTe,,,T,,,,TTTTTTTTTT,,EcT^`MJc`%JYHy`eOhVVT```[Q,,,CC,HMHMH1MM H tMMMM/C1MJtJJ@CCCCTTTTT,,,,HTTTTTTCTQ cHcHcHcHcHr^HMHMHMHMH% % % % `MeMeMeMeM`M`M`M`M[JcH`MeMeM[J`MOMcHcHcH^H^H^H^H`MMHMHMHMHcMcMcMcMcMcM`M`M% % % % o@JYHH H H H4H%`M```M`MeMeMyV/V/V/VCVCVCVCT1T1T1`M`M`M`M`M`Mt[JQ@Q@Q@`MH `MV/VCT1[J[J`MeM`M,CCC,,/N```CTT,EJJTTT66T44CCT4,CCCT11TTRReCC`C[{{QQx,Cx4"``C`J``C充C,,`Q``````````,CcTOTmc@,T`JTM`h[``````````C``````xtYQh`9O````x```C```````C````C```````````````````````````````````x````````,```,```,```,`````````````cMTOJCcMMCQ>`MeQ%#YCcCyO`J`@eMmQOMQV>T>[O{``J{`mhMCM##MOOhMVh[`,,TTTTTTTMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMCCCCCCCMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM############MMMMMMMOOOOOOOOOOOOhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh,QcM`%e[mC;,x#X~xP7qXP#    ЊX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8: 1yes  WMO station number. . L Station nameN > 1yesN Often a city name. For U.S. stations, state abbreviation is also given.. .   Country code| > 1yes| Twoletter FIPS code identifying the country.. . N Latitude > 1yes In decimal form, with positive values for northern hemisphere, negative for southern.. . | Longitude > 1yes In decimal form. Positive values from 0 to 360, increasing westward.. .   Elevation > 1yes In meters above sea level..    Month of event4 > 1yes4 Month in which the event took place, expressed in Arabic numbers from 01 to 12. If the month is not known, a value of 00 is included in this field. .   Year of event > 1yes Year in which the event took place..    Uncertain date6 [ 1no6 If the original metadata source was uncertain or unclear about the date of the event, or if the date was judged to be dubious, this field contains "Yes". .  Event type  > 1yes  See Table 1 for possibilities..   Alternates8 [ 1no8 In case the event type "USING SONDE MODEL" or "USING RADIAT. CORR." appears more than once for a particular station on a particular date, this field contains "I1", "I2", or "I3" for alternate instruments or "R1", "R2", or "R3" for alternate radiation correction methods. Radiation correction method alternate "R1" should be paired with instrument alternate "I1" , etc.    Before information > 1yes For static events, the pertinent information for the date in question. For dynamic events, the relevant information for the period preceding the change date. .  Link [ 1no Either the word "to" (for dynamic events) or blank (for static events)..   After information > 1yes For static events, nothing appears in this field. For dynamic events, the relevant information for the period following the change date.   Reference [ 1no An abbreviated citation of the source of metadata. See the reference section of this report for full citations. .  Comment [ 1no Any nonstandard information or explanatory text..   z Record number [ 1no A number whose value is unique for each record. Because the metadata have been sorted since initial entry, the record numbers are not in strict numerical order.  -O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 3. A sample of records from the main Station History table for five stations. Each record spans two pages. The fields shown are those listed in Table 2, except  S the "Comment" and "Record Number" fields are not shown.#TxP7QP#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 3.#TxP7QP#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 3.#TxP7QP#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 3.#TxP7QP#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 4. Radiosonde types, their country of origin, and their sensors. This is a small subset of the full table in the digital metadata set and is meant only as a sample of  S the type of information included.#TxP7QP# ^ a<<<<x7  <<<<a%s' ^ . . a  dB J! Type  dB  7 Country à cFTemperature Sensor dHumidity Sensor  dB Pressure Sensor ă. z a A22III (403 MHz) USSR Spiral bimetal plate Goldbeater's skin Two bronze aneroid boxes with thermal compensationz   Graw M60 (27 and 403 MHz) Germany Bimetal cylinder Artificial hair Aneroid capsule .   GZZ7 China Rod thermistor Carbon hygristor Nickel span C aneroid. z  India Mark 3 (401 and 1680 MHz)  India  Rod thermistor with titanium dioxide coating  Lithium chloride hygristor  Baroswitchz    Kew Mark IIB United KingdomY Cylindrical bimetallic stripY Unvarnished goldbeater's skinY Aneroid capsule     MARS (1782 MHz) (Also known as MARZ)- USSR- Rod thermistor (covered with antiradiation hydrophobic varnish since 1967)y Goldbeater's skiny None   Y Meisei RSII80 Japan White glasscoated thermistorM Carbon hygristorM Nickelspan aneroid capsule z y Mesural FMO 1944C (400 MHz)! France! Whitecoated rod thermistor (VIZ military model) Goldbeater's skin diaphragm Aneroid capsule (precalibrated)z  M Philips Mark II Australia White ceramic rod resistor Lithium chloride Single aneroid capsule   SRS400 (Meteolabor) Switzerland Thermocouple VIZ AccuLok Hygristor (13286065)o Water hypsometer z  Visl RS80 Finland THERMOCAP ceramic capacitive bead HUMICAP capacitive thin film element BAROCAP capacitive aneroid sensor z   o VIZ 1395 (403 MHz)' USA' Rod thermistor with white coating Carbon hygristor Baroswitch  -O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 5. Humidity sensor types and operating principles.#TxP7QP# ^ <<<<a%s'  <<<<Ix ^ . .   dB ]\ Humidity Sensor ă  dB \S Operating Principle ă  dB  Reference ă. .  HUMAN HAIR The length of human hair increases with increasing relative humidity. WMO (1983).   ROLLED HUMAN HAIR The length of human hair increases with relative humidity. Hairs that have been flattened with rollers have improved response.  WMO (1983)   GOLDBEATERS SKIN A membrane from the intestine of an ox (used also to separate gold leaf) changes length in response to humidity changes. WMO (1983)   LiCl HYGRISTOR The resistance of a strip coated with an electrolytic film of lithium chloride increases with increasing relative humidity.g  WMO (1983)   CARBON HYGRISTOR Finely divided carbon particles are suspended in a hygroscopic film whose length changes with humidity, and the resistance increases with humidity.;  WMO (1983) . g  RE-DESIGNED RH DUCTi Humidity sensor is housed in a newly designed duct.i None.   ;  HUMICAP - BEAD A thinfilm sensor whose capacitance varies with relative humidity. A polymer serves as a dielectric material on this sensor, used on Visl radiosondes. Visl Met Systems (1990)  i   S? #X~xP7qXP#Table 6. Temperature sensor types.#TxP7QP# T <<<<Ix  <<<<Uz T   . i   dB b Temperature Sensor ă  dB aS Operating Principle ă  dB  Reference ă. .  THERMISTOR* The electrical resistance of a ceramic element changes with temperature.* WMO (1983).   ROD THERMISTORX The electrical resistance of a cylindrical ceramic element changes with temperature. WMO (1983)  * BEAD THERMISTOR, The electrical resistance of a spherical ceramic element changes with temperature. WMO (1983) z  BIMETAL Two metals of different expansivity (usually invar and steel or invar and brass) are riveted or welded together so that the element bends when heated.L WMO (1983)z .  BIMETAL COILz A bimetal in the shape of a coil.z WMO (1983). . L BIMETAL STRIP A bimetal in the shape of a strip. WMO (1983). . z CERAMIC FLAKE Uncertain. . z  THERMOCAP - BEAD The capacitance of a dielectric ceramic bead changes with temperature. Used on Visl radiosondes. Visl Met Systems (1990)z .  WIRE RESISTOR~! The resistance of a metal wire changes with temperature.~! WMO (1983).  P  BOURDON TUBE" Uncertain. (Bourdon tubes are generally associated with pressure measurements.)R#  . ~! CAPACITIVE TYPE$ Uncertain. Probably, sensor capacitance varies with temperature.$ . >  R# ELECTROLYTIC TYPE% Uncertain.% >  $%-O+O+  S   #X~xP7qXP#Table 7. Pressure sensor types.#TxP7QP# T <<<<Uz  <<<< T . .   dB y Pressure Sensor ă  dB  lLOperating Principle ă  dB ' Reference ă.   ANEROID Capsule made of metal with elastic properties deflects with changes in atmospheric pressure. WMO (1983)   BOURDON TUBE A tube of elliptical cross section changes in cross section and length as a function of atmospheric pressure.e WMO (1983) .  BELLOWS TYPE Flexible bellows respond to changes in atmospheric pressure. WMO (1983).  e BAROCAP Small aneroid capsule responds to changes in pressure measured by capacitive transducer plates inside. Used on Visl radiosondes.g  Visl Met Systems (1990)    HYPSOMETER An electrical thermometer measures the boiling point of a liquid, which is a function of atmospheric pressure.K  WMO (1983)  g   S #X~xP7qXP#Table 8. Duct types.#TxP7QP# O <<<<  <<<<& O  . g   dBr &  Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ăT  dBr @d Explanation ă. . & NO DUCT Sensor is not in a duct.. . T DUCT Sensor is in a duct.. >   REDESIGNED DUCT Sensor is not changed, but the duct design is changed.>    S: #X~xP7qXP#Table 9. List of balloon types.#TxP7QP# E <<<<&  !<<<<x E > .  ddVARNISHED PAPER. .  ddGOLDBEATERS SKIN. .  ddSILK. . % ddRUBBER. . S ddMULTIPLE BALLOON. .  ddWITH PARACHUTE. .  ddLATEX. >  ddPLASTIC>   -',',  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 10. Humidity algorithms.#TxP7QP# E !<<<<x  A<<<< E . .   dB *  Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB Dd Explanation ă. .  MANUALLY COMPUTED Humidity computations are made by hand.. .  SLIDE RULE A specially designed slide rule is used.. .  GRAPHG A specially designed graph is used.. .  NOMOGRAMu A specially designed graph and ruler are used..  G EVALUATOR A specially designed mechanical device, often circular, operated much like a slide rule, is used. . u PSYCHROMETRIC TABLEw Numerical tables are used.. . I  AUTOMATIC COMPUTING Computations are done by machine (computer).. . w  CORRECTED ALGORITHM An earlier algorithm has been corrected.. .   BILLIONS ALGORITHM Algorithm developed by Billions (1965). >   MISC. ALGORITHM? Miscellaneous algorithm.>     -',',  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 11. Radiation corrections.#TxP7QP# O A<<<<  a<<<< O . .   dB    Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB IT Explanation ă  dB d Reference ă. .  NO RAD. CORRECTION No radiation corrections are applied. . .  MISC. RADIATION COR. A radiation correction is applied. .   SCRASE CORRECTIONSG Corrections developed for the U.K. Meteorological Office MKIIB radiosonde. Scrase (1954, 1956); Hawson (1956) .  VAISALA CORRECTIONS Corrections developed by Visl are applied. .   VAISALA RS18I Corrections developed by Visl for the RS18 radiosonde are applied.  Antikainen (1973); Visl (1965)   VAISALA RS21 Corrections developed by Visl for the RS21 radiosonde are applied.      VAISALA RS80 1982 Corrections developed by Visl in 1982 for the RS80 radiosonde are applied.      VAISALA RS80 1986 Corrections developed by Visl in 1986 for the RS80 radiosonde are applied.k Visl Met Systems (1989) z   VAISALA 1986 NO I.R Solar radiation corrections developed by Visl in 1986 for the RS80 radiosonde are applied but without the infrared component. z  k VAISALA RS80 1993 Corrections developed by Visl in 1993 for the RS80 radiosonde are applied.  .  COR. AT 30 & 50 MB Corrections are made at 30 and 50 mb. . z  COR. BET. 400 & 10 MB  Corrections are made for levels between 400 and 10 mb. Gaffen (1993; see page 86 on United States); Hayashi et al. (1956)z   COR. AT 200 & 100 MB Corrections are made at 200 and 100 mb. Gaffen (1993; see page 44 on Hong Kong)  a UKMO KEW MK3 COR.c Corrections for the U.K. Meteorological Office MK3 radiosonde.   . 5 GRAW M60 CORRECTIONS7 Corrections for the Graw M60 radiosonde.7 .    GRAW 1978 COR.e Uncertain. Probably corrections developed in 1978 for the Graw radiosonde.     7 DESIGNED FOR UCCLEI Uncertain. Probably specific corrections designed for application at the Uccle, Belgium, station.    -O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 12. Data correction types.#TxP7QP# O a<<<<  <<<< O . .   dB "  Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB <d Explanation ă. .  NO CORRECTION No corrections are applied.. .  TEMP. LAG CORRECTION Corrections are applied to adjust for the lag in the temperature sensor.. .  RH LAG CORRECTIONG Corrections are applied to adjust for the lag in the relative humidity sensor.. .  PRES. LAG CORRECTIONu Corrections are applied to adjust for the lag in the pressure sensor.. . G MISC. CORRECTION A miscellaneous correction is applied..   u VIRTUAL TEMP. CORR. Uncertain. Probably, this involves the (correct) use of virtual temperature, rather than (incorrect) use of temperature, in the calculation of geopotential height.    S #X~xP7qXP#Table 13. Data cutoff types.#TxP7QP# J <<<<  <<<<b G 1 J   .   dB   Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB g Explanation ă. . b  NO CUTOFFS Data reported for the entire sounding.. .  NO DATA ABOVE 10 MB Soundings terminated at 10 mb.. .  NO RH ABOVE 200 MB Humidity data terminated at 200 mb.. .  NO RH ABOVE 300 MBH Humidity data terminated at 300 mb.. .  RH MISSING FOR T<-40v Humidity data not reported for temperature below 40$C..  H T<-65 OR RH<9% NO RH Humidity data not reported for temperature below 65$C or relative humidity below 9%.  v T<-40 OR RH<15 NO RHx Humidity data not reported for temperature below 40$C or relative humidity below 15%.  J P<300 OR T<-40 NO RHL Humidity data not reported for pressure lower than 300 mb or temperature below 40$C.   P<200 OR T<-60 NO RH  Humidity data not reported for pressure lower than 200 mb or temperature below 60$C.   P<200 OR T<-65 NO RH Humidity data not reported for pressure lower than 200 mb or temperature below 65$C.   P<100 OR T<-60 NO RH Humidity data not reported for pressure lower than 100 mb or temperature below 60$C. .  RH MISSING FOR T<-60 Humidity data not reported for temperature below 60$C.. . n DEW PT=30 FOR RH<30%! Dew point depression reported at 30$ when relative humidity is below 30%.. .   DEW PT=30 FOR RH<20%" Dew point depression reported at 30$ when relative humidity is below 20%.. . ! SET RH=10% FOR RH<10%&$ Relative humidity is set at 10% for all values measured as less than 10%.. >  " MISC. CUTOFFd% Miscellaneous cutoff.>  &$d%-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 14. Reporting practices.#TxP7QP# J <<<<b G 1  <<<<  J . .   dB   Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB 5d Explanation ă. .  WINDS IN M/SEC Winds are reported in units of meters per second.. .  WINDS IN KNOTS Winds are reported in units of knots (nautical miles per hour).. .  HUMIDITY AS RHG Humidity data are given in terms of relative humidity.. .  HUMIDITY AS DEW PT.u Humidity data are given in terms of dew point temperature.. >  G HUMIDITY AS DPD Humidity data are given in terms of dew point depression.>  u  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 15. Ground equipment types.#TxP7QP# J <<<<   <<<< Q' J >  . u  dB  Ground System ă  dB _ Explanation ă.    72.2 MHz A shortwave receiver operating a 72.2 MHz. Audiomodulated signals are recorded on a chart roll. See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details. .   SCR 584 Signal Corps Radiodirectionfinder. Manually operated electronic tracking device..   SCR 658 & METOX Signal Corps Radiodirectionfinder. Manually operated electronic tracking device. See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details. The of meaning notation "SCR 658 & METOX" is unclear.   GMD Ground Meteorological Directionfinding. Electronic theodolite and radio receiver developed by U.S. military. See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details. .  GMD-1 First operational version of the GMD system. See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details.. . f GMD-1A Version of the GMD1 system. . .  GMD-1B Version of the GMD1 system. . z  GMD-4 Version of the GMD system, presumably with a transponder system, allowing the measurement of slant range (as was included in the GMD2 design). See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details.z .  WBRT-57 U.S. Weather Bureau radiotheodolite, based on the GMD technology.. . j WBRT-60 U.S. Weather Bureau radiotheodolite.. .  LORAN System using longrange navigation.. .  OPTICAL THEODOLITE" Visual tracking of balloon using optical theodolite.. .  RADIOTHEODOLITEP Radio tracking of balloon using radiotheodolite.. >  " ADRES Canadian computerized ground station. See Gaffen (1993).>  P -O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 16. Computing systems.#TxP7QP# J <<<< Q'  <<<<!a  J . .   dB h  Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB 6e Explanation ă.   MANUAL METHODS Human operators compute meteorological quantities using graphs of radio signals as a function of flight time. .  CALCULATOR Electronic calculators are used in computations of meteorological quantities..   SEMI-AUTOMATIC METH. Some, but not all, of the calculations are made automatically, with the aid of a programmable desktop calculator. .  AUTOMATIC METHODS All the data reduction is done automatically, by computer.. .  TRANSISTORIZED EQUIP. Computers based on transistor technology are used..   TIME SHARE COMPUTER Computations are done with the aid of a large computer, not dedicated to the task of radiosonde data processing. .   MINI-COMPUTER Computations are done using a personal computer.. z   CORA Computations are made by the Visl Correlation Radio Wind System (CORA) dedicated ground system, which also tracks the radiosonde using the OMEGA navigational network.z .   MICROCORA Computations are made by the Visl MicroCORA dedicated ground system..  k DIGICORA Computations are made by the Visl DigiCORA dedicated ground system, which also tracks the radiosonde using the Navaid navigational networks.   ART SYSTEM Computations are made by the U.S. National Weather Service Automatic RadioTheodolite ground system, which employs a desktop computer. . m MINI-ART 1 SYSTEMo Updated version of the ART system.. . A MINI-ART 2 SYSTEM Further updated version of the ART system.. >  o MICRO-ART SYSTEM An updated system based on MINIART.>  !-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 17. Country digraphs and associated country names.#TxP7QP# T <<<<!a   !<<<<"i  " " T .  .  " dB ) Digraph  <Country"]SDigraph  dB ~Country ă.  .  "AF Afghanistan"_IO British Indian Ocean Territory.  "AL  Albania "_VI  British Virgin Islands"AG' Algeria'"_BX' Brunei "AQE American SamoaE"_BUE Bulgaria'"ANc Andorrac"_UVc BurkinaE"AO Angola "_BM Burmac"AV Anguilla "_BY Burundi "AY Antarctica "_CB Cambodia "AC Antigua and Barbuda "_CM Cameroon "XQ Arctic Ocean "_CA Canada "AR Argentina"_CV Cape Verde "AM5 Armenia5"_CJ5 Cayman Islands"AAS ArubaS"_CTS Central African Republic5"ATq Ashmore and Cartier Islandsq"_CDq ChadS"ZH Atlantic Ocean"_CI Chileq"AS Australia"_CH China"AU Austria"_KT Christmas Island"AJ Azerbaijan"_IP Clipperton Island"BF The Bahamas"_CK Cocos (Keeling) Islands"BA% Bahrain%"_CO% Colombia"FQC Baker IslandC"_CNC Comoros%"BGa Bangladesha"_CFa CongoC"BB Barbados"_CW Cook Islandsa"BS Bassas da India"_CR Coral Sea Islands"BO  Belarus"_CS CostaRica"BE Belgium"_IV Cote d'Ivoire"BH Belize "_HR Croatia"BN" Benin""_CU" Cuba "BD3# Bermuda3#"_CY3# Cyprus""BTQ$ BhutanQ$"_EZQ$ Czech Republic3#"BLo% Boliviao%"_DAo% DenmarkQ$"BK& Bosnia and Herzegovina&"_DJ& Djiboutio%"BC' Botswana'"_DO' Dominica&"BV( Bouvet Island("_DR( Dominican Republic'"BR) Brazil)"_EC) Ecuador#( *"-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 17.#TxP7QP# ^ !<<<<"i  " "  A<<<<#i  " " ^ .  .  " dB ) Digraph  <Country"]SDigraph  dB ~Country ă.  .  "EG Egypt "_VT Holy See (Vatican City).  "ES  El Salvador "_HO  Honduras"EK' Equatorial Guinea '"_HK' Hong Kong  "ERE EritreaE"_HQE Howland Island '"ENc Estoniac"_HUc HungaryE"ET Ethiopia "_IC Icelandc"EU Europa Island "_IN India  "FA Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) "_XO Indian Ocean  "FO Faroe Islands "_ID Indonesia  "FJ Fiji "_IR Iran "FI Finland"_IZ Iraq "FR5 France5"_ EI5 Ireland"FGS French GuianaS"_ISS Israel5"FPq French Polynesiaq"_ITq Italy S"FS French Southern and Antarctic Lands "_JM Jamaicaq"GB Gabon "_JN Jan Mayen "GA The Gambia"_JA Japan "GZ Gaza Strip"_DQ Jarvis Island"GG Georgia"_JE Jersey"GM% Germany%"_JQ% Johnston Atoll "GHC Ghana C"_JOC Jordan%"GIa Gibraltar a"_JUa Juan de Nova IslandC"GO Glorioso Islands"_KZ Kazakhstana"GR Greece"_KE Kenya "GL Greenland "_KQ Kingman Reef"GJ Grenada"_KR Kiribati"GP Guadeloupe "_KN North Korea"GQ" Guam""_KS" South Korea "GT3# Guatemala 3#"_KU3# Kuwait""GKQ$ GuernseyQ$"_KGQ$ Kyrgyzstan3#"GVo% Guineao%"_LAo% LaosQ$"PU& Guinea-Bissau&"_LG& Latviao%"GY' Guyana'"_LE' Lebanon&"HA( Haiti ("_LT( Lesotho'"HM) Heard Island and McDonald Islands)"_ LI) Liberia #(*#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 17.#TxP7QP# ^ A<<<<#i  " "  a<<<<$i  " " ^ .  .  " dB ) Digraph  <Country"]SDigraph  dB ~Country ă.  .  "LY Libya "_NU Nicaragua .  "LS  Liechtenstein "_NG  Niger "LH' Lithuania '"_NI' Nigeria "LUE LuxembourgE"_NEE Niue'"MCc Macau c"_NFc Norfolk Island E"MK Macedonia  "_CQ Northern Mariana Islandsc"MA Madagascar "_NO Norway "MI Malawi "_MU Oman "MY Malaysia "_NQ Pacific Islands (Palau) "MV Maldives "_ZN Pacific Ocean "ML Mali"_PK Pakistan "MT5 Malta 5"_LQ5 Palmyra Atoll"IMS Isle of ManS"_PMS Panama5"RMq Marshall Islandsq"_PPq Papua New GuineaS"MB Martinique"_PF Paracel Islandsq"MR Mauritania"_PA Paraguay"MP Mauritius "_PE Peru"MF Mayotte"_RP Philippines"MX Mexico"_PC Pitcairn Islands"FM% Federated States of Micronesia%"_PL% Poland"MQC Midway Islands C"_POC Portugal%"MDa Moldovaa"_QRa Puerto RicoC"MN Monaco"_QA Qatar a"MG Mongolia"_RE Reunion"MH Montserrat"_RO Romania"MO Morocco"_RS Russia"MZ Mozambique "_RW Rwanda"WA" Namibia""_SH" Saint Helena "NR3# Nauru 3#"_SC3# Saint Kitts and Nevis""BQQ$ Navassa Island Q$"_STQ$ Saint Lucia3#"NPo% Nepal o%"_SBo% Saint Pierre and MiquelonQ$"NL& Netherlands&"_VC& Saint Vincent and the Grenadineso%"NA' Netherlands Antilles'"_SM' San Marino&"NC( New Caledonia("_TP( Sao Tome and Principe'"NZ) New Zealand)"_SA) Saudi Arabia#()$-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 17.#TxP7QP# ^ a<<<<$i  " "  <<<<%i  " " ^ .  .  " dB ) Digraph  <Country"]SDigraph  dB ~Country ă.  .  "SG Senegal"_UP Ukraine.  "SR  Serbia and Montenegro "_TC  United Arab Emirates"SE' Seychelles'"_UK' United Kingdom  "SLE Sierra LeoneE"_USE United States'"SNc Singapore c"_UYc UruguayE"LO Slovakia "_UZ Uzbekistanc"SI Slovenia "_NH Vanuatu "BP Solomon Islands "_VE Venezuela  "SO Somalia "_VM Vietnam "SF South Africa "_VQ Virgin Islands  "SX South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"_WQ Wake Island "SP Spain "_WF Wallis and Futuna "PG Spratly Islands"_WG West Bank "CE Sri Lanka "_WI Western Sahara "SU5 Sudan 5"_WS5 Western Samoa"NSS SurinameS"_XXS World5"SVq Svalbardq"_YMq Yemen S"WZ Swaziland "_CG Zaire q"SW Sweden"_ZA Zambia"SZ Switzerland"_ZI Zimbabwe"SY Syria "_TW Taiwan"TI Tajikistan"`B "TZ% Tanzania%"`B% "THC ThailandC"`BC %"TOa Togoa"`Ba C"TL Tokelau "`B a"TN! Tonga !"`B!  "TD" Trinidad and Tobago""`B" !"TE# Tromelin Island#"`B# ""TS$ Tunisia$"`B$ #"TU& Turkey&"`B& $"TX3' Turkmenistan3'"`B3' &"TKQ( Turks and Caicos IslandsQ("`BQ( 3'"TUo) Tuvaluo)"`Bo) . Q("UG* Uganda*"`B* . #o)*%-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 18. WMO regions.#TxP7QP# X:` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:`MeQ%#YCcCyO`J`@eMmQOMQV>T>[O{``J{`mhMCM##MOOhMVh[`,,TTTTTTTMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMCCCCCCCMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM############MMMMMMMOOOOOOOOOOOOhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh,QcM`%e[mC;,xtk#HHH,H H@7@2~CC,qX~xP7XPl2~CC,)qX~xx7XX 2~CC,ChlX~L p?7X!d!T,,,QTxP7Pd!T,,,CHTL p?7.(# hHorhammer, J., 1971: New Visl radiosondes2zR%"m'^,,ETTe,,,T,,,,TTTTTTTTTT,,EcT^`MJc`%JYHy`eOhVVT```[Q,,,CC,HMHMH1MM H tMMMM/C1MJtJJ@CCCCTTTTT,,,,HTTTTTTCTQ cHcHcHcHcHr^HMHMHMHMH% % % % `MeMeMeMeM`M`M`M`M[JcH`MeMeM[J`MOMcHcHcH^H^H^H^H`MMHMHMHMHcMcMcMcMcMcM`M`M% % % % o@JYHH H H H4H%`M```M`MeMeMyV/V/V/VCVCVCVCT1T1T1`M`M`M`M`M`Mt[JQ@Q@Q@`MH `MV/VCT1[J[J`MeM`M,CCC,,/N```CTT,EJJTTT66T44CCT4,CCCT11TTRReCC`C[{{QQx,Cx4"``C`J``C充C,,`Q``````````,CcTOTmc@,T`JTM`h[``````````C``````xtYQh`9O````x```C```````C````C```````````````````````````````````x````````,```,```,```,`````````````cMTOJCcMMCQ>`MeQ%#YCcCyO`J`@eMmQOMQV>T>[O{``J{`mhMCM##MOOhMVh[`,,TTTTTTTMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMCCCCCCCMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM############MMMMMMMOOOOOOOOOOOOhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh,QcM`%e[mC;,x#X~xP7qXP#    ЊX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8: 1yes  WMO station number. . L Station nameN > 1yesN Often a city name. For U.S. stations, state abbreviation is also given.. .   Country code| > 1yes| Twoletter FIPS code identifying the country.. . N Latitude > 1yes In decimal form, with positive values for northern hemisphere, negative for southern.. . | Longitude > 1yes In decimal form. Positive values from 0 to 360, increasing westward.. .   Elevation > 1yes In meters above sea level..    Month of event4 > 1yes4 Month in which the event took place, expressed in Arabic numbers from 01 to 12. If the month is not known, a value of 00 is included in this field. .   Year of event > 1yes Year in which the event took place..    Uncertain date6 [ 1no6 If the original metadata source was uncertain or unclear about the date of the event, or if the date was judged to be dubious, this field contains "Yes". .  Event type  > 1yes  See Table 1 for possibilities..   Alternates8 [ 1no8 In case the event type "USING SONDE MODEL" or "USING RADIAT. CORR." appears more than once for a particular station on a particular date, this field contains "I1", "I2", or "I3" for alternate instruments or "R1", "R2", or "R3" for alternate radiation correction methods. Radiation correction method alternate "R1" should be paired with instrument alternate "I1" , etc.    Before information > 1yes For static events, the pertinent information for the date in question. For dynamic events, the relevant information for the period preceding the change date. .  Link [ 1no Either the word "to" (for dynamic events) or blank (for static events)..   After information > 1yes For static events, nothing appears in this field. For dynamic events, the relevant information for the period following the change date.   Reference [ 1no An abbreviated citation of the source of metadata. See the reference section of this report for full citations. .  Comment [ 1no Any nonstandard information or explanatory text..   z Record number [ 1no A number whose value is unique for each record. Because the metadata have been sorted since initial entry, the record numbers are not in strict numerical order.  -O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 3. A sample of records from the main Station History table for five stations. Each record spans two pages. The fields shown are those listed in Table 2, except  S the "Comment" and "Record Number" fields are not shown.#TxP7QP#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 3 (continued).#TxP7QP#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 3 (continued).#TxP7QP#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 3 (continued).#TxP7QP#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 4. Radiosonde types, their country of origin, and their sensors. This is a small subset of the full table in the digital metadata set and is meant only as a sample of  S the type of information included.#TxP7QP# ^ a<<<<x7  <<<<a%s' ^   .   dB J! Type  dB  7 Country à cFTemperature Sensor dHumidity Sensor  dB Pressure Sensor ă. z a A22III (403 MHz) USSR Spiral bimetal plate Goldbeater's skin Two bronze aneroid boxes with thermal compensationz   Graw M60 (27 and 403 MHz) Germany Bimetal cylinder Artificial hair Aneroid capsule .   GZZ7 China Rod thermistor Carbon hygristor Nickel span C aneroid. z  India Mark 3 (401 and 1680 MHz)  India  Rod thermistor with titanium dioxide coating  Lithium chloride hygristor  Baroswitchz    Kew Mark IIB United KingdomY Cylindrical bimetallic stripY Unvarnished goldbeater's skinY Aneroid capsule     MARS (1782 MHz) (Also known as MARZ)- USSR- Rod thermistor (covered with antiradiation hydrophobic varnish since 1967)y Goldbeater's skiny None   Y Meisei RSII80 Japan White glasscoated thermistorM Carbon hygristorM Nickelspan aneroid capsule z y Mesural FMO 1944C (400 MHz)! France! Whitecoated rod thermistor (VIZ military model) Goldbeater's skin diaphragm Aneroid capsule (precalibrated)z  M Philips Mark II Australia White ceramic rod resistor Lithium chloride Single aneroid capsule   SRS400 (Meteolabor) Switzerland Thermocouple VIZ AccuLok Hygristor (13286065)o Water hypsometer z  Visl RS80 Finland THERMOCAP ceramic capacitive bead HUMICAP capacitive thin film element BAROCAP capacitive aneroid sensor z   o VIZ 1395 (403 MHz)' USA' Rod thermistor with white coating Carbon hygristor Baroswitch  -O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 5. Humidity sensor types and operating principles.#TxP7QP# ^ <<<<a%s'  <<<<Ix ^  .   dB ]\ Humidity Sensor ă  dB \S Operating Principle ă  dB  Reference ă. .  HUMAN HAIR The length of human hair increases with increasing relative humidity. WMO (1983).   ROLLED HUMAN HAIR The length of human hair increases with relative humidity. Hairs that have been flattened with rollers have improved response.  WMO (1983)   GOLDBEATERS SKIN A membrane from the intestine of an ox (used also to separate gold leaf) changes length in response to humidity changes. WMO (1983)   LiCl HYGRISTOR The resistance of a strip coated with an electrolytic film of lithium chloride increases with increasing relative humidity.g  WMO (1983)   CARBON HYGRISTOR Finely divided carbon particles are suspended in a hygroscopic film whose length changes with humidity, and the resistance increases with humidity.;  WMO (1983) . g  RE-DESIGNED RH DUCTi Humidity sensor is housed in a newly designed duct.i None.   ;  HUMICAP - BEAD A thinfilm sensor whose capacitance varies with relative humidity. A polymer serves as a dielectric material on this sensor, used on Visl radiosondes. Visl Met Systems (1990)  i   S? #X~xP7qXP#Table 6. Temperature sensor types.#TxP7QP# T <<<<Ix  <<<<Uz T   . i   dB b Temperature Sensor ă  dB aS Operating Principle ă  dB  Reference ă. .  THERMISTOR* The electrical resistance of a ceramic element changes with temperature.* WMO (1983).   ROD THERMISTORX The electrical resistance of a cylindrical ceramic element changes with temperature. WMO (1983)  * BEAD THERMISTOR, The electrical resistance of a spherical ceramic element changes with temperature. WMO (1983) z  BIMETAL Two metals of different expansivity (usually invar and steel or invar and brass) are riveted or welded together so that the element bends when heated.L WMO (1983)z .  BIMETAL COILz A bimetal in the shape of a coil.z WMO (1983). . L BIMETAL STRIP A bimetal in the shape of a strip. WMO (1983). . z CERAMIC FLAKE Uncertain. . z  THERMOCAP - BEAD The capacitance of a dielectric ceramic bead changes with temperature. Used on Visl radiosondes. Visl Met Systems (1990)z .  WIRE RESISTOR~! The resistance of a metal wire changes with temperature.~! WMO (1983).  P  BOURDON TUBE" Uncertain. (Bourdon tubes are generally associated with pressure measurements.)R#  . ~! CAPACITIVE TYPE$ Uncertain. Probably, sensor capacitance varies with temperature.$ . >  R# ELECTROLYTIC TYPE% Uncertain.% >  $%-O+O+  S   #X~xP7qXP#Table 7. Pressure sensor types.#TxP7QP# T <<<<Uz  <<<< T >  . $  dB y Pressure Sensor ă  dB  lLOperating Principle ă  dB ' Reference ă.   ANEROID Capsule made of metal with elastic properties deflects with changes in atmospheric pressure. WMO (1983)   BOURDON TUBE A tube of elliptical cross section changes in cross section and length as a function of atmospheric pressure.e WMO (1983) .  BELLOWS TYPE Flexible bellows respond to changes in atmospheric pressure. WMO (1983).  e BAROCAP Small aneroid capsule responds to changes in pressure measured by capacitive transducer plates inside. Used on Visl radiosondes.g  Visl Met Systems (1990)    HYPSOMETER An electrical thermometer measures the boiling point of a liquid, which is a function of atmospheric pressure.K  WMO (1983)  g   S #X~xP7qXP#Table 8. Duct types.#TxP7QP# O <<<<  <<<<& O  . g   dBr &  Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ăT  dBr @d Explanation ă. . & NO DUCT Sensor is not in a duct.. . T DUCT Sensor is in a duct.. >   REDESIGNED DUCT Sensor is not changed, but the duct design is changed.>    S: #X~xP7qXP#Table 9. List of balloon types.#TxP7QP# E <<<<&  !<<<<x E > .  ddVARNISHED PAPER. .  ddGOLDBEATERS SKIN. .  ddSILK. . % ddRUBBER. . S ddMULTIPLE BALLOON. .  ddWITH PARACHUTE. .  ddLATEX. >  ddPLASTIC>   -',',  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 10. Humidity algorithms.#TxP7QP# E !<<<<x  A<<<< E > .    dB *  Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB Dd Explanation ă. .  MANUALLY COMPUTED Humidity computations are made by hand.. .  SLIDE RULE A specially designed slide rule is used.. .  GRAPHG A specially designed graph is used.. .  NOMOGRAMu A specially designed graph and ruler are used..  G EVALUATOR A specially designed mechanical device, often circular, operated much like a slide rule, is used. . u PSYCHROMETRIC TABLEw Numerical tables are used.. . I  AUTOMATIC COMPUTING Computations are done by machine (computer).. . w  CORRECTED ALGORITHM An earlier algorithm has been corrected.. .   BILLIONS ALGORITHM Algorithm developed by Billions (1965). >   MISC. ALGORITHM? Miscellaneous algorithm.>     -',',  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 11. Radiation corrections.#TxP7QP# O A<<<<  a<<<< O >  .   dB    Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB IT Explanation ă  dB d Reference ă. .  NO RAD. CORRECTION No radiation corrections are applied. . .  MISC. RADIATION COR. A radiation correction is applied. .   SCRASE CORRECTIONSG Corrections developed for the U.K. Meteorological Office MKIIB radiosonde. Scrase (1954, 1956); Hawson (1956) .  VAISALA CORRECTIONS Corrections developed by Visl are applied. .   VAISALA RS18I Corrections developed by Visl for the RS18 radiosonde are applied.  Antikainen (1973); Visl (1965)   VAISALA RS21 Corrections developed by Visl for the RS21 radiosonde are applied.      VAISALA RS80 1982 Corrections developed by Visl in 1982 for the RS80 radiosonde are applied.      VAISALA RS80 1986 Corrections developed by Visl in 1986 for the RS80 radiosonde are applied.k Visl Met Systems (1989) z   VAISALA 1986 NO I.R Solar radiation corrections developed by Visl in 1986 for the RS80 radiosonde are applied but without the infrared component. z  k VAISALA RS80 1993 Corrections developed by Visl in 1993 for the RS80 radiosonde are applied.  .  COR. AT 30 & 50 MB Corrections are made at 30 and 50 mb. . z  COR. BET. 400 & 10 MB  Corrections are made for levels between 400 and 10 mb. Gaffen (1993; see page 86 on United States); Hayashi et al. (1956)z   COR. AT 200 & 100 MB Corrections are made at 200 and 100 mb. Gaffen (1993; see page 44 on Hong Kong)  a UKMO KEW MK3 COR.c Corrections for the U.K. Meteorological Office MK3 radiosonde.   . 5 GRAW M60 CORRECTIONS7 Corrections for the Graw M60 radiosonde.7 .    GRAW 1978 COR.e Uncertain. Probably corrections developed in 1978 for the Graw radiosonde.     7 DESIGNED FOR UCCLEI Uncertain. Probably specific corrections designed for application at the Uccle, Belgium, station.    -O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 12. Data correction types.#TxP7QP# O a<<<<  <<<<  O  .    dB "  Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB <d Explanation ă. .  NO CORRECTION No corrections are applied.. .  TEMP. LAG CORRECTION Corrections are applied to adjust for the lag in the temperature sensor.. .  RH LAG CORRECTIONG Corrections are applied to adjust for the lag in the relative humidity sensor.. .  PRES. LAG CORRECTIONu Corrections are applied to adjust for the lag in the pressure sensor.. . G MISC. CORRECTION A miscellaneous correction is applied..   u VIRTUAL TEMP. CORR. Uncertain. Probably, this involves the (correct) use of virtual temperature, rather than (incorrect) use of temperature, in the calculation of geopotential height.    S #X~xP7qXP#Table 13. Data cutoff types.#TxP7QP# J <<<<   <<<<b G 1 J   .   dB   Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB g Explanation ă. . b  NO CUTOFFS Data reported for the entire sounding.. .  NO DATA ABOVE 10 MB Soundings terminated at 10 mb.. .  NO RH ABOVE 200 MB Humidity data terminated at 200 mb.. .  NO RH ABOVE 300 MBH Humidity data terminated at 300 mb.. .  RH MISSING FOR T<-40v Humidity data not reported for temperature below 40$C..  H T<-65 OR RH<9% NO RH Humidity data not reported for temperature below 65$C or relative humidity below 9%.  v T<-40 OR RH<15 NO RHx Humidity data not reported for temperature below 40$C or relative humidity below 15%.  J P<300 OR T<-40 NO RHL Humidity data not reported for pressure lower than 300 mb or temperature below 40$C.   P<200 OR T<-60 NO RH  Humidity data not reported for pressure lower than 200 mb or temperature below 60$C.   P<200 OR T<-65 NO RH Humidity data not reported for pressure lower than 200 mb or temperature below 65$C.   P<100 OR T<-60 NO RH Humidity data not reported for pressure lower than 100 mb or temperature below 60$C. .  RH MISSING FOR T<-60 Humidity data not reported for temperature below 60$C.. . n DEW PT=30 FOR RH<30%! Dew point depression reported at 30$ when relative humidity is below 30%.. .   DEW PT=30 FOR RH<20%" Dew point depression reported at 30$ when relative humidity is below 20%.. . ! SET RH=10% FOR RH<10%&$ Relative humidity is set at 10% for all values measured as less than 10%.. >  " MISC. CUTOFFd% Miscellaneous cutoff.>  &$d% -O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 14. Reporting practices.#TxP7QP# J <<<<b G 1  <<<<! J >  . &$  dB   Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB 5d Explanation ă. .  WINDS IN M/SEC Winds are reported in units of meters per second.. .  WINDS IN KNOTS Winds are reported in units of knots (nautical miles per hour).. .  HUMIDITY AS RHG Humidity data are given in terms of relative humidity.. .  HUMIDITY AS DEW PT.u Humidity data are given in terms of dew point temperature.. >  G HUMIDITY AS DPD Humidity data are given in terms of dew point depression.>  u  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 15. Ground equipment types.#TxP7QP# J <<<<!  <<<< !Q' J >  . u  dB  Ground System ă  dB _ Explanation ă.    72.2 MHz A shortwave receiver operating a 72.2 MHz. Audiomodulated signals are recorded on a chart roll. See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details. .   SCR 584 Signal Corps Radiodirectionfinder. Manually operated electronic tracking device..   SCR 658 & METOX Signal Corps Radiodirectionfinder. Manually operated electronic tracking device. See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details. The of meaning notation "SCR 658 & METOX" is unclear.   GMD Ground Meteorological Directionfinding. Electronic theodolite and radio receiver developed by U.S. military. See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details. .  GMD-1 First operational version of the GMD system. See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details.. . f GMD-1A Version of the GMD1 system. . .  GMD-1B Version of the GMD1 system. . z  GMD-4 Version of the GMD system, presumably with a transponder system, allowing the measurement of slant range (as was included in the GMD2 design). See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details.z .  WBRT-57 U.S. Weather Bureau radiotheodolite, based on the GMD technology.. . j WBRT-60 U.S. Weather Bureau radiotheodolite.. .  LORAN System using longrange navigation.. .  OPTICAL THEODOLITE" Visual tracking of balloon using optical theodolite.. .  RADIOTHEODOLITEP Radio tracking of balloon using radiotheodolite.. >  " ADRES Canadian computerized ground station. See Gaffen (1993).>  P !-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 16. Computing systems.#TxP7QP# J <<<< !Q'  <<<<"a  J >  . P  dB h  Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB 6e Explanation ă.   MANUAL METHODS Human operators compute meteorological quantities using graphs of radio signals as a function of flight time. .  CALCULATOR Electronic calculators are used in computations of meteorological quantities..   SEMI-AUTOMATIC METH. Some, but not all, of the calculations are made automatically, with the aid of a programmable desktop calculator. .  AUTOMATIC METHODS All the data reduction is done automatically, by computer.. .  TRANSISTORIZED EQUIP. Computers based on transistor technology are used..   TIME SHARE COMPUTER Computations are done with the aid of a large computer, not dedicated to the task of radiosonde data processing. .   MINI-COMPUTER Computations are done using a personal computer.. z   CORA Computations are made by the Visl Correlation Radio Wind System (CORA) dedicated ground system, which also tracks the radiosonde using the OMEGA navigational network.z .   MICROCORA Computations are made by the Visl MicroCORA dedicated ground system..  k DIGICORA Computations are made by the Visl DigiCORA dedicated ground system, which also tracks the radiosonde using the Navaid navigational networks.   ART SYSTEM Computations are made by the U.S. National Weather Service Automatic RadioTheodolite ground system, which employs a desktop computer. . m MINI-ART 1 SYSTEMo Updated version of the ART system.. . A MINI-ART 2 SYSTEM Further updated version of the ART system.. >  o MICRO-ART SYSTEM An updated system based on MINIART.>  "-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 17. Country digraphs and associated country names.#TxP7QP# T <<<<"a   !<<<<#i  " " T >  .  " dB ) Digraph  <Country"]SDigraph  dB ~Country ă.  .  "AF Afghanistan"_IO British Indian Ocean Territory.  "AL  Albania "_VI  British Virgin Islands"AG' Algeria'"_BX' Brunei "AQE American SamoaE"_BUE Bulgaria'"ANc Andorrac"_UVc BurkinaE"AO Angola "_BM Burmac"AV Anguilla "_BY Burundi "AY Antarctica "_CB Cambodia "AC Antigua and Barbuda "_CM Cameroon "XQ Arctic Ocean "_CA Canada "AR Argentina"_CV Cape Verde "AM5 Armenia5"_CJ5 Cayman Islands"AAS ArubaS"_CTS Central African Republic5"ATq Ashmore and Cartier Islandsq"_CDq ChadS"ZH Atlantic Ocean"_CI Chileq"AS Australia"_CH China"AU Austria"_KT Christmas Island"AJ Azerbaijan"_IP Clipperton Island"BF The Bahamas"_CK Cocos (Keeling) Islands"BA% Bahrain%"_CO% Colombia"FQC Baker IslandC"_CNC Comoros%"BGa Bangladesha"_CFa CongoC"BB Barbados"_CW Cook Islandsa"BS Bassas da India"_CR Coral Sea Islands"BO  Belarus"_CS CostaRica"BE Belgium"_IV Cote d'Ivoire"BH Belize "_HR Croatia"BN" Benin""_CU" Cuba "BD3# Bermuda3#"_CY3# Cyprus""BTQ$ BhutanQ$"_EZQ$ Czech Republic3#"BLo% Boliviao%"_DAo% DenmarkQ$"BK& Bosnia and Herzegovina&"_DJ& Djiboutio%"BC' Botswana'"_DO' Dominica&"BV( Bouvet Island("_DR( Dominican Republic'"BR) Brazil)"_EC) Ecuador#( *#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 17 (continued).#TxP7QP# ^ !<<<<#i  " "  A<<<<$i  " " ^ .  (" dB ) Digraph  <Country"]SDigraph  dB ~Country ă.  .  "EG Egypt "_VT Holy See (Vatican City).  "ES  El Salvador "_HO  Honduras"EK' Equatorial Guinea '"_HK' Hong Kong  "ERE EritreaE"_HQE Howland Island '"ENc Estoniac"_HUc HungaryE"ET Ethiopia "_IC Icelandc"EU Europa Island "_IN India  "FA Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) "_XO Indian Ocean  "FO Faroe Islands "_ID Indonesia  "FJ Fiji "_IR Iran "FI Finland"_IZ Iraq "FR5 France5"_ EI5 Ireland"FGS French GuianaS"_ISS Israel5"FPq French Polynesiaq"_ITq Italy S"FS French Southern and Antarctic Lands "_JM Jamaicaq"GB Gabon "_JN Jan Mayen "GA The Gambia"_JA Japan "GZ Gaza Strip"_DQ Jarvis Island"GG Georgia"_JE Jersey"GM% Germany%"_JQ% Johnston Atoll "GHC Ghana C"_JOC Jordan%"GIa Gibraltar a"_JUa Juan de Nova IslandC"GO Glorioso Islands"_KZ Kazakhstana"GR Greece"_KE Kenya "GL Greenland "_KQ Kingman Reef"GJ Grenada"_KR Kiribati"GP Guadeloupe "_KN North Korea"GQ" Guam""_KS" South Korea "GT3# Guatemala 3#"_KU3# Kuwait""GKQ$ GuernseyQ$"_KGQ$ Kyrgyzstan3#"GVo% Guineao%"_LAo% LaosQ$"PU& Guinea-Bissau&"_LG& Latviao%"GY' Guyana'"_LE' Lebanon&"HA( Haiti ("_LT( Lesotho'"HM) Heard Island and McDonald Islands)"_ LI) Liberia #(*$-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 17 (continued).#TxP7QP# ^ A<<<<$i  " "  a<<<<%i  " " ^ .  (" dB ) Digraph  <Country"]SDigraph  dB ~Country ă.  .  "LY Libya "_NU Nicaragua .  "LS  Liechtenstein "_NG  Niger "LH' Lithuania '"_NI' Nigeria "LUE LuxembourgE"_NEE Niue'"MCc Macau c"_NFc Norfolk Island E"MK Macedonia  "_CQ Northern Mariana Islandsc"MA Madagascar "_NO Norway "MI Malawi "_MU Oman "MY Malaysia "_NQ Pacific Islands (Palau) "MV Maldives "_ZN Pacific Ocean "ML Mali"_PK Pakistan "MT5 Malta 5"_LQ5 Palmyra Atoll"IMS Isle of ManS"_PMS Panama5"RMq Marshall Islandsq"_PPq Papua New GuineaS"MB Martinique"_PF Paracel Islandsq"MR Mauritania"_PA Paraguay"MP Mauritius "_PE Peru"MF Mayotte"_RP Philippines"MX Mexico"_PC Pitcairn Islands"FM% Federated States of Micronesia%"_PL% Poland"MQC Midway Islands C"_POC Portugal%"MDa Moldovaa"_QRa Puerto RicoC"MN Monaco"_QA Qatar a"MG Mongolia"_RE Reunion"MH Montserrat"_RO Romania"MO Morocco"_RS Russia"MZ Mozambique "_RW Rwanda"WA" Namibia""_SH" Saint Helena "NR3# Nauru 3#"_SC3# Saint Kitts and Nevis""BQQ$ Navassa Island Q$"_STQ$ Saint Lucia3#"NPo% Nepal o%"_SBo% Saint Pierre and MiquelonQ$"NL& Netherlands&"_VC& Saint Vincent and the Grenadineso%"NA' Netherlands Antilles'"_SM' San Marino&"NC( New Caledonia("_TP( Sao Tome and Principe'"NZ) New Zealand)"_SA) Saudi Arabia#()%-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 17 (continued).#TxP7QP# ^ a<<<<%i  " "  <<<<&i  " " ^ .  (" dB ) Digraph  <Country"]SDigraph  dB ~Country ă.  .  "SG Senegal"_UP Ukraine.  "SR  Serbia and Montenegro "_TC  United Arab Emirates"SE' Seychelles'"_UK' United Kingdom  "SLE Sierra LeoneE"_USE United States'"SNc Singapore c"_UYc UruguayE"LO Slovakia "_UZ Uzbekistanc"SI Slovenia "_NH Vanuatu "BP Solomon Islands "_VE Venezuela  "SO Somalia "_VM Vietnam "SF South Africa "_VQ Virgin Islands  "SX South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"_WQ Wake Island "SP Spain "_WF Wallis and Futuna "PG Spratly Islands"_WG West Bank "CE Sri Lanka "_WI Western Sahara "SU5 Sudan 5"_WS5 Western Samoa"NSS SurinameS"_XXS World5"SVq Svalbardq"_YMq Yemen S"WZ Swaziland "_CG Zaire q"SW Sweden"_ZA Zambia"SZ Switzerland"_ZI Zimbabwe"SY Syria "_TW Taiwan"TI Tajikistan"`B "TZ% Tanzania%"`B% "THC ThailandC"`BC %"TOa Togoa"`Ba C"TL Tokelau "`B a"TN! Tonga !"`B!  "TD" Trinidad and Tobago""`B" !"TE# Tromelin Island#"`B# ""TS$ Tunisia$"`B$ #"TU& Turkey&"`B& $"TX3' Turkmenistan3'"`B3' &"TKQ( Turks and Caicos IslandsQ("`BQ( 3'"TUo) Tuvaluo)"`Bo) . Q("UG* Uganda*"`B* . #o)*&-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 18. WMO regions.#TxP7QP# X:` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8: 1yes  WMO station number. . L Station nameN > 1yesN Often a city name. For U.S. stations, state abbreviation is also given.. .   Country code| > 1yes| Twoletter FIPS code identifying the country.. . N Latitude > 1yes In decimal form, with positive values for northern hemisphere, negative for southern.. . | Longitude > 1yes In decimal form. Positive values from 0 to 360, increasing westward.. .   Elevation > 1yes In meters above sea level..    Month of event4 > 1yes4 Month in which the event took place, expressed in Arabic numbers from 01 to 12. If the month is not known, a value of 00 is included in this field. .   Year of event > 1yes Year in which the event took place..    Uncertain date6 [ 1no6 If the original metadata source was uncertain or unclear about the date of the event, or if the date was judged to be dubious, this field contains "Yes". .  Event type  > 1yes  See Table 1 for possibilities..   Alternates8 [ 1no8 In case the event type "USING SONDE MODEL" or "USING RADIAT. CORR." appears more than once for a particular station on a particular date, this field contains "I1", "I2", or "I3" for alternate instruments or "R1", "R2", or "R3" for alternate radiation correction methods. Radiation correction method alternate "R1" should be paired with instrument alternate "I1" , etc.    Before information > 1yes For static events, the pertinent information for the date in question. For dynamic events, the relevant information for the period preceding the change date. .  Link [ 1no Either the word "to" (for dynamic events) or blank (for static events)..   After information > 1yes For static events, nothing appears in this field. For dynamic events, the relevant information for the period following the change date.   Reference [ 1no An abbreviated citation of the source of metadata. See the reference section of this report for full citations. .  Comment [ 1no Any nonstandard information or explanatory text..   z Record number [ 1no A number whose value is unique for each record. Because the metadata have been sorted since initial entry, the record numbers are not in strict numerical order.  -O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 3. A sample of records from the main Station History table for five stations. Each record spans two pages. The fields shown are those listed in Table 2, except  S the "Comment" and "Record Number" fields are not shown.#TxP7QP#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 3 (continued).#TxP7QP#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 3 (continued).#TxP7QP#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 3 (continued).#TxP7QP#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 4. Radiosonde types, their country of origin, and their sensors. This is a small subset of the full table in the digital metadata set and is meant only as a sample of  S the type of information included.#TxP7QP# ^ a<<<<x7  <<<<a%s' ^   .   dB J! Type  dB  7 Country à cFTemperature Sensor dHumidity Sensor  dB Pressure Sensor ă. z a A22III (403 MHz) USSR Spiral bimetal plate Goldbeater's skin Two bronze aneroid boxes with thermal compensationz   Graw M60 (27 and 403 MHz) Germany Bimetal cylinder Artificial hair Aneroid capsule .   GZZ7 China Rod thermistor Carbon hygristor Nickel span C aneroid. z  India Mark 3 (401 and 1680 MHz)  India  Rod thermistor with titanium dioxide coating  Lithium chloride hygristor  Baroswitchz    Kew Mark IIB United KingdomY Cylindrical bimetallic stripY Unvarnished goldbeater's skinY Aneroid capsule     MARS (1782 MHz) (Also known as MARZ)- USSR- Rod thermistor (covered with antiradiation hydrophobic varnish since 1967)y Goldbeater's skiny None   Y Meisei RSII80 Japan White glasscoated thermistorM Carbon hygristorM Nickelspan aneroid capsule z y Mesural FMO 1944C (400 MHz)! France! Whitecoated rod thermistor (VIZ military model) Goldbeater's skin diaphragm Aneroid capsule (precalibrated)z  M Philips Mark II Australia White ceramic rod resistor Lithium chloride Single aneroid capsule   SRS400 (Meteolabor) Switzerland Thermocouple VIZ AccuLok Hygristor (13286065)o Water hypsometer z  Visl RS80 Finland THERMOCAP ceramic capacitive bead HUMICAP capacitive thin film element BAROCAP capacitive aneroid sensor z   o VIZ 1395 (403 MHz)' USA' Rod thermistor with white coating Carbon hygristor Baroswitch  -O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 5. Humidity sensor types and operating principles.#TxP7QP# ^ <<<<a%s'  <<<<Ix ^  .   dB ]\ Humidity Sensor ă  dB \S Operating Principle ă  dB  Reference ă. .  HUMAN HAIR The length of human hair increases with increasing relative humidity. WMO (1983).   ROLLED HUMAN HAIR The length of human hair increases with relative humidity. Hairs that have been flattened with rollers have improved response.  WMO (1983)   GOLDBEATERS SKIN A membrane from the intestine of an ox (used also to separate gold leaf) changes length in response to humidity changes. WMO (1983)   LiCl HYGRISTOR The resistance of a strip coated with an electrolytic film of lithium chloride increases with increasing relative humidity.g  WMO (1983)   CARBON HYGRISTOR Finely divided carbon particles are suspended in a hygroscopic film whose length changes with humidity, and the resistance increases with humidity.;  WMO (1983) . g  RE-DESIGNED RH DUCTi Humidity sensor is housed in a newly designed duct.i None.   ;  HUMICAP - BEAD A thinfilm sensor whose capacitance varies with relative humidity. A polymer serves as a dielectric material on this sensor, used on Visl radiosondes. Visl Met Systems (1990)  i   S? #X~xP7qXP#Table 6. Temperature sensor types.#TxP7QP# T <<<<Ix  <<<<Uz T   . i   dB b Temperature Sensor ă  dB aS Operating Principle ă  dB  Reference ă. .  THERMISTOR* The electrical resistance of a ceramic element changes with temperature.* WMO (1983).   ROD THERMISTORX The electrical resistance of a cylindrical ceramic element changes with temperature. WMO (1983)  * BEAD THERMISTOR, The electrical resistance of a spherical ceramic element changes with temperature. WMO (1983) z  BIMETAL Two metals of different expansivity (usually invar and steel or invar and brass) are riveted or welded together so that the element bends when heated.L WMO (1983)z .  BIMETAL COILz A bimetal in the shape of a coil.z WMO (1983). . L BIMETAL STRIP A bimetal in the shape of a strip. WMO (1983). . z CERAMIC FLAKE Uncertain. . z  THERMOCAP - BEAD The capacitance of a dielectric ceramic bead changes with temperature. Used on Visl radiosondes. Visl Met Systems (1990)z .  WIRE RESISTOR~! The resistance of a metal wire changes with temperature.~! WMO (1983).  P  BOURDON TUBE" Uncertain. (Bourdon tubes are generally associated with pressure measurements.)R#  . ~! CAPACITIVE TYPE$ Uncertain. Probably, sensor capacitance varies with temperature.$ . >  R# ELECTROLYTIC TYPE% Uncertain.% >  $%-O+O+  S   #X~xP7qXP#Table 7. Pressure sensor types.#TxP7QP# T <<<<Uz  <<<< T >  . $  dB y Pressure Sensor ă  dB  lLOperating Principle ă  dB ' Reference ă.   ANEROID Capsule made of metal with elastic properties deflects with changes in atmospheric pressure. WMO (1983)   BOURDON TUBE A tube of elliptical cross section changes in cross section and length as a function of atmospheric pressure.e WMO (1983) .  BELLOWS TYPE Flexible bellows respond to changes in atmospheric pressure. WMO (1983).  e BAROCAP Small aneroid capsule responds to changes in pressure measured by capacitive transducer plates inside. Used on Visl radiosondes.g  Visl Met Systems (1990)    HYPSOMETER An electrical thermometer measures the boiling point of a liquid, which is a function of atmospheric pressure.K  WMO (1983)  g   S #X~xP7qXP#Table 8. Duct types.#TxP7QP# O <<<<  <<<<& O  . g   dBr &  Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ăT  dBr @d Explanation ă. . & NO DUCT Sensor is not in a duct.. . T DUCT Sensor is in a duct.. >   REDESIGNED DUCT Sensor is not changed, but the duct design is changed.>    S: #X~xP7qXP#Table 9. List of balloon types.#TxP7QP# E <<<<&  !<<<<x E > .  ddVARNISHED PAPER. .  ddGOLDBEATERS SKIN. .  ddSILK. . % ddRUBBER. . S ddMULTIPLE BALLOON. .  ddWITH PARACHUTE. .  ddLATEX. >  ddPLASTIC>   -',',  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 10. Humidity algorithms.#TxP7QP# E !<<<<x  A<<<< E > .    dB *  Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB Dd Explanation ă. .  MANUALLY COMPUTED Humidity computations are made by hand.. .  SLIDE RULE A specially designed slide rule is used.. .  GRAPHG A specially designed graph is used.. .  NOMOGRAMu A specially designed graph and ruler are used..  G EVALUATOR A specially designed mechanical device, often circular, operated much like a slide rule, is used. . u PSYCHROMETRIC TABLEw Numerical tables are used.. . I  AUTOMATIC COMPUTING Computations are done by machine (computer).. . w  CORRECTED ALGORITHM An earlier algorithm has been corrected.. .   BILLIONS ALGORITHM Algorithm developed by Billions (1965). >   MISC. ALGORITHM? Miscellaneous algorithm.>     -',',  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 11. Radiation corrections.#TxP7QP# O A<<<<  a<<<< O >  .   dB    Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB IT Explanation ă  dB d Reference ă. .  NO RAD. CORRECTION No radiation corrections are applied. . .  MISC. RADIATION COR. A radiation correction is applied. .   SCRASE CORRECTIONSG Corrections developed for the U.K. Meteorological Office MKIIB radiosonde. Scrase (1954, 1956); Hawson (1956) .  VAISALA CORRECTIONS Corrections developed by Visl are applied. .   VAISALA RS18I Corrections developed by Visl for the RS18 radiosonde are applied.  Antikainen (1973); Visl (1965)   VAISALA RS21 Corrections developed by Visl for the RS21 radiosonde are applied.      VAISALA RS80 1982 Corrections developed by Visl in 1982 for the RS80 radiosonde are applied.      VAISALA RS80 1986 Corrections developed by Visl in 1986 for the RS80 radiosonde are applied.k Visl Met Systems (1989) z   VAISALA 1986 NO I.R Solar radiation corrections developed by Visl in 1986 for the RS80 radiosonde are applied but without the infrared component. z  k VAISALA RS80 1993 Corrections developed by Visl in 1993 for the RS80 radiosonde are applied.  .  COR. AT 30 & 50 MB Corrections are made at 30 and 50 mb. . z  COR. BET. 400 & 10 MB  Corrections are made for levels between 400 and 10 mb. Gaffen (1993; see page 86 on United States); Hayashi et al. (1956)z   COR. AT 200 & 100 MB Corrections are made at 200 and 100 mb. Gaffen (1993; see page 44 on Hong Kong)  a UKMO KEW MK3 COR.c Corrections for the U.K. Meteorological Office MK3 radiosonde.   . 5 GRAW M60 CORRECTIONS7 Corrections for the Graw M60 radiosonde.7 .    GRAW 1978 COR.e Uncertain. Probably corrections developed in 1978 for the Graw radiosonde.     7 DESIGNED FOR UCCLEI Uncertain. Probably specific corrections designed for application at the Uccle, Belgium, station.    -O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 12. Data correction types.#TxP7QP# O a<<<<  <<<<  O  .    dB "  Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB <d Explanation ă. .  NO CORRECTION No corrections are applied.. .  TEMP. LAG CORRECTION Corrections are applied to adjust for the lag in the temperature sensor.. .  RH LAG CORRECTIONG Corrections are applied to adjust for the lag in the relative humidity sensor.. .  PRES. LAG CORRECTIONu Corrections are applied to adjust for the lag in the pressure sensor.. . G MISC. CORRECTION A miscellaneous correction is applied..   u VIRTUAL TEMP. CORR. Uncertain. Probably, this involves the (correct) use of virtual temperature, rather than (incorrect) use of temperature, in the calculation of geopotential height.    S #X~xP7qXP#Table 13. Data cutoff types.#TxP7QP# J <<<<   <<<<b G 1 J   .   dB   Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB g Explanation ă. . b  NO CUTOFFS Data reported for the entire sounding.. .  NO DATA ABOVE 10 MB Soundings terminated at 10 mb.. .  NO RH ABOVE 200 MB Humidity data terminated at 200 mb.. .  NO RH ABOVE 300 MBH Humidity data terminated at 300 mb.. .  RH MISSING FOR T<-40v Humidity data not reported for temperature below 40$C..  H T<-65 OR RH<9% NO RH Humidity data not reported for temperature below 65$C or relative humidity below 9%.  v T<-40 OR RH<15 NO RHx Humidity data not reported for temperature below 40$C or relative humidity below 15%.  J P<300 OR T<-40 NO RHL Humidity data not reported for pressure lower than 300 mb or temperature below 40$C.   P<200 OR T<-60 NO RH  Humidity data not reported for pressure lower than 200 mb or temperature below 60$C.   P<200 OR T<-65 NO RH Humidity data not reported for pressure lower than 200 mb or temperature below 65$C.   P<100 OR T<-60 NO RH Humidity data not reported for pressure lower than 100 mb or temperature below 60$C. .  RH MISSING FOR T<-60 Humidity data not reported for temperature below 60$C.. . n DEW PT=30 FOR RH<30%! Dew point depression reported at 30$ when relative humidity is below 30%.. .   DEW PT=30 FOR RH<20%" Dew point depression reported at 30$ when relative humidity is below 20%.. . ! SET RH=10% FOR RH<10%&$ Relative humidity is set at 10% for all values measured as less than 10%.. >  " MISC. CUTOFFd% Miscellaneous cutoff.>  &$d% -O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 14. Reporting practices.#TxP7QP# J <<<<b G 1  <<<<! J >  . &$  dB   Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB 5d Explanation ă. .  WINDS IN M/SEC Winds are reported in units of meters per second.. .  WINDS IN KNOTS Winds are reported in units of knots (nautical miles per hour).. .  HUMIDITY AS RHG Humidity data are given in terms of relative humidity.. .  HUMIDITY AS DEW PT.u Humidity data are given in terms of dew point temperature.. >  G HUMIDITY AS DPD Humidity data are given in terms of dew point depression.>  u  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 15. Ground equipment types.#TxP7QP# J <<<<!  <<<< !Q' J >  . u  dB  Ground System ă  dB _ Explanation ă.    72.2 MHz A shortwave receiver operating a 72.2 MHz. Audiomodulated signals are recorded on a chart roll. See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details. .   SCR 584 Signal Corps Radiodirectionfinder. Manually operated electronic tracking device..   SCR 658 & METOX Signal Corps Radiodirectionfinder. Manually operated electronic tracking device. See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details. The of meaning notation "SCR 658 & METOX" is unclear.   GMD Ground Meteorological Directionfinding. Electronic theodolite and radio receiver developed by U.S. military. See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details. .  GMD-1 First operational version of the GMD system. See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details.. . f GMD-1A Version of the GMD1 system. . .  GMD-1B Version of the GMD1 system. . z  GMD-4 Version of the GMD system, presumably with a transponder system, allowing the measurement of slant range (as was included in the GMD2 design). See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details.z .  WBRT-57 U.S. Weather Bureau radiotheodolite, based on the GMD technology.. . j WBRT-60 U.S. Weather Bureau radiotheodolite.. .  LORAN System using longrange navigation.. .  OPTICAL THEODOLITE" Visual tracking of balloon using optical theodolite.. .  RADIOTHEODOLITEP Radio tracking of balloon using radiotheodolite.. >  " ADRES Canadian computerized ground station. See Gaffen (1993).>  P !-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 16. Computing systems.#TxP7QP# J <<<< !Q'  <<<<"a  J >  . P  dB h  Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB 6e Explanation ă.   MANUAL METHODS Human operators compute meteorological quantities using graphs of radio signals as a function of flight time. .  CALCULATOR Electronic calculators are used in computations of meteorological quantities..   SEMI-AUTOMATIC METH. Some, but not all, of the calculations are made automatically, with the aid of a programmable desktop calculator. .  AUTOMATIC METHODS All the data reduction is done automatically, by computer.. .  TRANSISTORIZED EQUIP. Computers based on transistor technology are used..   TIME SHARE COMPUTER Computations are done with the aid of a large computer, not dedicated to the task of radiosonde data processing. .   MINI-COMPUTER Computations are done using a personal computer.. z   CORA Computations are made by the Visl Correlation Radio Wind System (CORA) dedicated ground system, which also tracks the radiosonde using the OMEGA navigational network.z .   MICROCORA Computations are made by the Visl MicroCORA dedicated ground system..  k DIGICORA Computations are made by the Visl DigiCORA dedicated ground system, which also tracks the radiosonde using the Navaid navigational networks.   ART SYSTEM Computations are made by the U.S. National Weather Service Automatic RadioTheodolite ground system, which employs a desktop computer. . m MINI-ART 1 SYSTEMo Updated version of the ART system.. . A MINI-ART 2 SYSTEM Further updated version of the ART system.. >  o MICRO-ART SYSTEM An updated system based on MINIART.>  "-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 17. Country digraphs and associated country names.#TxP7QP# T <<<<"a   !<<<<#i  " " T >  .  " dB ) Digraph  <Country"]SDigraph  dB ~Country ă.  .  "AF Afghanistan"_IO British Indian Ocean Territory.  "AL  Albania "_VI  British Virgin Islands"AG' Algeria'"_BX' Brunei "AQE American SamoaE"_BUE Bulgaria'"ANc Andorrac"_UVc BurkinaE"AO Angola "_BM Burmac"AV Anguilla "_BY Burundi "AY Antarctica "_CB Cambodia "AC Antigua and Barbuda "_CM Cameroon "XQ Arctic Ocean "_CA Canada "AR Argentina"_CV Cape Verde "AM5 Armenia5"_CJ5 Cayman Islands"AAS ArubaS"_CTS Central African Republic5"ATq Ashmore and Cartier Islandsq"_CDq ChadS"ZH Atlantic Ocean"_CI Chileq"AS Australia"_CH China"AU Austria"_KT Christmas Island"AJ Azerbaijan"_IP Clipperton Island"BF The Bahamas"_CK Cocos (Keeling) Islands"BA% Bahrain%"_CO% Colombia"FQC Baker IslandC"_CNC Comoros%"BGa Bangladesha"_CFa CongoC"BB Barbados"_CW Cook Islandsa"BS Bassas da India"_CR Coral Sea Islands"BO  Belarus"_CS CostaRica"BE Belgium"_IV Cote d'Ivoire"BH Belize "_HR Croatia"BN" Benin""_CU" Cuba "BD3# Bermuda3#"_CY3# Cyprus""BTQ$ BhutanQ$"_EZQ$ Czech Republic3#"BLo% Boliviao%"_DAo% DenmarkQ$"BK& Bosnia and Herzegovina&"_DJ& Djiboutio%"BC' Botswana'"_DO' Dominica&"BV( Bouvet Island("_DR( Dominican Republic'"BR) Brazil)"_EC) Ecuador#( *#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 17 (continued).#TxP7QP# ^ !<<<<#i  " "  A<<<<$i  " " ^ .  (" dB ) Digraph  <Country"]SDigraph  dB ~Country ă.  .  "EG Egypt "_VT Holy See (Vatican City).  "ES  El Salvador "_HO  Honduras"EK' Equatorial Guinea '"_HK' Hong Kong  "ERE EritreaE"_HQE Howland Island '"ENc Estoniac"_HUc HungaryE"ET Ethiopia "_IC Icelandc"EU Europa Island "_IN India  "FA Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) "_XO Indian Ocean  "FO Faroe Islands "_ID Indonesia  "FJ Fiji "_IR Iran "FI Finland"_IZ Iraq "FR5 France5"_ EI5 Ireland"FGS French GuianaS"_ISS Israel5"FPq French Polynesiaq"_ITq Italy S"FS French Southern and Antarctic Lands "_JM Jamaicaq"GB Gabon "_JN Jan Mayen "GA The Gambia"_JA Japan "GZ Gaza Strip"_DQ Jarvis Island"GG Georgia"_JE Jersey"GM% Germany%"_JQ% Johnston Atoll "GHC Ghana C"_JOC Jordan%"GIa Gibraltar a"_JUa Juan de Nova IslandC"GO Glorioso Islands"_KZ Kazakhstana"GR Greece"_KE Kenya "GL Greenland "_KQ Kingman Reef"GJ Grenada"_KR Kiribati"GP Guadeloupe "_KN North Korea"GQ" Guam""_KS" South Korea "GT3# Guatemala 3#"_KU3# Kuwait""GKQ$ GuernseyQ$"_KGQ$ Kyrgyzstan3#"GVo% Guineao%"_LAo% LaosQ$"PU& Guinea-Bissau&"_LG& Latviao%"GY' Guyana'"_LE' Lebanon&"HA( Haiti ("_LT( Lesotho'"HM) Heard Island and McDonald Islands)"_ LI) Liberia #(*$-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 17 (continued).#TxP7QP# ^ A<<<<$i  " "  a<<<<%i  " " ^ .  (" dB ) Digraph  <Country"]SDigraph  dB ~Country ă.  .  "LY Libya "_NU Nicaragua .  "LS  Liechtenstein "_NG  Niger "LH' Lithuania '"_NI' Nigeria "LUE LuxembourgE"_NEE Niue'"MCc Macau c"_NFc Norfolk Island E"MK Macedonia  "_CQ Northern Mariana Islandsc"MA Madagascar "_NO Norway "MI Malawi "_MU Oman "MY Malaysia "_NQ Pacific Islands (Palau) "MV Maldives "_ZN Pacific Ocean "ML Mali"_PK Pakistan "MT5 Malta 5"_LQ5 Palmyra Atoll"IMS Isle of ManS"_PMS Panama5"RMq Marshall Islandsq"_PPq Papua New GuineaS"MB Martinique"_PF Paracel Islandsq"MR Mauritania"_PA Paraguay"MP Mauritius "_PE Peru"MF Mayotte"_RP Philippines"MX Mexico"_PC Pitcairn Islands"FM% Federated States of Micronesia%"_PL% Poland"MQC Midway Islands C"_POC Portugal%"MDa Moldovaa"_QRa Puerto RicoC"MN Monaco"_QA Qatar a"MG Mongolia"_RE Reunion"MH Montserrat"_RO Romania"MO Morocco"_RS Russia"MZ Mozambique "_RW Rwanda"WA" Namibia""_SH" Saint Helena "NR3# Nauru 3#"_SC3# Saint Kitts and Nevis""BQQ$ Navassa Island Q$"_STQ$ Saint Lucia3#"NPo% Nepal o%"_SBo% Saint Pierre and MiquelonQ$"NL& Netherlands&"_VC& Saint Vincent and the Grenadineso%"NA' Netherlands Antilles'"_SM' San Marino&"NC( New Caledonia("_TP( Sao Tome and Principe'"NZ) New Zealand)"_SA) Saudi Arabia#()%-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 17 (continued).#TxP7QP# ^ a<<<<%i  " "  <<<<&i  " " ^ .  (" dB ) Digraph  <Country"]SDigraph  dB ~Country ă.  .  "SG Senegal"_UP Ukraine.  "SR  Serbia and Montenegro "_TC  United Arab Emirates"SE' Seychelles'"_UK' United Kingdom  "SLE Sierra LeoneE"_USE United States'"SNc Singapore c"_UYc UruguayE"LO Slovakia "_UZ Uzbekistanc"SI Slovenia "_NH Vanuatu "BP Solomon Islands "_VE Venezuela  "SO Somalia "_VM Vietnam "SF South Africa "_VQ Virgin Islands  "SX South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"_WQ Wake Island "SP Spain "_WF Wallis and Futuna "PG Spratly Islands"_WG West Bank "CE Sri Lanka "_WI Western Sahara "SU5 Sudan 5"_WS5 Western Samoa"NSS SurinameS"_XXS World5"SVq Svalbardq"_YMq Yemen S"WZ Swaziland "_CG Zaire q"SW Sweden"_ZA Zambia"SZ Switzerland"_ZI Zimbabwe"SY Syria "_TW Taiwan"TI Tajikistan"`B "TZ% Tanzania%"`B% "THC ThailandC"`BC %"TOa Togoa"`Ba C"TL Tokelau "`B a"TN! Tonga !"`B!  "TD" Trinidad and Tobago""`B" !"TE# Tromelin Island#"`B# ""TS$ Tunisia$"`B$ #"TU& Turkey&"`B& $"TX3' Turkmenistan3'"`B3' &"TKQ( Turks and Caicos IslandsQ("`BQ( 3'"TUo) Tuvaluo)"`Bo) . Q("UG* Uganda*"`B* . #o)*&-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 18. WMO regions.#TxP7QP# X:` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:   s""90000"A98999"]fV Southwest Pacific>   '-O+O+ #X~xP7qXP# Figure 1. Summary of the contents of the metadata set of upperair station histories, by WMO region. Figure 2. Number of station history records per decade. This chart excludes"m'^CCd~~ȘCCC~CCCC~~~~~~~~~~CChȔ~so8okw~ȐzCCCddCkskskJss00k0ssssFdJsooo`YdYd~~~~~CCCCk~~~~~~d~z0kkkkkĪksksksksk80808080sssssssssoksssoswskkkkkkksskskskskssssssss80808080`okk0k0k0kIk0sssssȵFFFdddd~J~J~JssssssȮoz`z`z`sk0sFd~JoosssCdddCC/Nd~~Choo~~~QQ~NNdd~NCddd~JJ~~zzdddzzxCdxN"Ȑdjd dCCȐzȐCd~w~ȣȔ`C~o~sȐdȐȐxȮzȐUwxŐdȐYYxCCCCΔs~wodssdz]sz84ddwo`szwsz]~]wosds44swwsCC~~~~~~~sssssssssssssssssssdddddddssssssssssssssssssss444444444444ssssssswwwwwwwwwwwwCzs8dYCx2}(R(-"m'^CCd~~ȘCCC~CCCC~~~~~~~~~~CChȔ~so8okw~ȐzCCCddCkskskJss00k0ssssFdJsooo`YdYd~~~~~CCCCk~~~~~~d~z0kkkkkĪksksksksk80808080sssssssssoksssoswskkkkkkksskskskskssssssss80808080`okk0k0k0k?k0sssssȵFFFdddd~J~J~JssssssȮoz`z`z`sk0sFd~JoosssCdddCC/Nd~~Choo~~~QQ~NNdd~NCddd~JJ~~zzdddzzxCdxN"ȐdnddCCȐzȐCd~w~ȣȔ`C~o~sȐdȐȐxȮzȐUwxŐdȐYYxCCCCΔs~wodssdz]sz84ddwo`szwsz]~]wosds44swwsCC~~~~~~~sssssssssssssssssssdddddddssssssssssssssssssss444444444444ssssssswwwwwwwwwwwwCzs8dYCx#X~xP7qXP#    ЊX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8: 1yes  WMO station number. . L Station nameN > 1yesN Often a city name. For U.S. stations, state abbreviation is also given.. .   Country code| > 1yes| Twoletter FIPS code identifying the country.. . N Latitude > 1yes In decimal form, with positive values for northern hemisphere, negative for southern.. . | Longitude > 1yes In decimal form. Positive values from 0 to 360, increasing westward.. .   Elevation > 1yes In meters above sea level..    Month of event4 > 1yes4 Month in which the event took place, expressed in Arabic numbers from 01 to 12. If the month is not known, a value of 00 is included in this field. .   Year of event > 1yes Year in which the event took place..    Uncertain date6 [ 1no6 If the original metadata source was uncertain or unclear about the date of the event, or if the date was judged to be dubious, this field contains "Yes". .  Event type  > 1yes  See Table 1 for possibilities..   Alternates8 [ 1no8 In case the event type "USING SONDE MODEL" or "USING RADIAT. CORR." appears more than once for a particular station on a particular date, this field contains "I1", "I2", or "I3" for alternate instruments or "R1", "R2", or "R3" for alternate radiation correction methods. Radiation correction method alternate "R1" should be paired with instrument alternate "I1" , etc.    Before information > 1yes For static events, the pertinent information for the date in question. For dynamic events, the relevant information for the period preceding the change date. .  Link [ 1no Either the word "to" (for dynamic events) or blank (for static events)..   After information > 1yes For static events, nothing appears in this field. For dynamic events, the relevant information for the period following the change date.   Reference [ 1no An abbreviated citation of the source of metadata. See the reference section of this report for full citations. .  Comment [ 1no Any nonstandard information or explanatory text..   z Record number [ 1no A number whose value is unique for each record. Because the metadata have been sorted since initial entry, the record numbers are not in strict numerical order.  -O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 3. A sample of records from the main Station History table for five stations. Each record spans two pages. The fields shown are those listed in Table 2, except  S the "Comment" and "Record Number" fields are not shown.#TxP7QP#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 3 (continued).#TxP7QP#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 3 (continued).#TxP7QP#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 3 (continued).#TxP7QP#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 4. Radiosonde types, their country of origin, and their sensors. This is a small subset of the full table in the digital metadata set and is meant only as a sample of  S the type of information included.#TxP7QP# ^ a<<<<x7  <<<<a%s' ^   .   dB J! Type  dB  7 Country à cFTemperature Sensor dHumidity Sensor  dB Pressure Sensor ă. z a A22III (403 MHz) USSR Spiral bimetal plate Goldbeater's skin Two bronze aneroid boxes with thermal compensationz   Graw M60 (27 and 403 MHz) Germany Bimetal cylinder Artificial hair Aneroid capsule .   GZZ7 China Rod thermistor Carbon hygristor Nickel span C aneroid. z  India Mark 3 (401 and 1680 MHz)  India  Rod thermistor with titanium dioxide coating  Lithium chloride hygristor  Baroswitchz    Kew Mark IIB United KingdomY Cylindrical bimetallic stripY Unvarnished goldbeater's skinY Aneroid capsule     MARS (1782 MHz) (Also known as MARZ)- USSR- Rod thermistor (covered with antiradiation hydrophobic varnish since 1967)y Goldbeater's skiny None   Y Meisei RSII80 Japan White glasscoated thermistorM Carbon hygristorM Nickelspan aneroid capsule z y Mesural FMO 1944C (400 MHz)! France! Whitecoated rod thermistor (VIZ military model) Goldbeater's skin diaphragm Aneroid capsule (precalibrated)z  M Philips Mark II Australia White ceramic rod resistor Lithium chloride Single aneroid capsule   SRS400 (Meteolabor) Switzerland Thermocouple VIZ AccuLok Hygristor (13286065)o Water hypsometer z  Visl RS80 Finland THERMOCAP ceramic capacitive bead HUMICAP capacitive thin film element BAROCAP capacitive aneroid sensor z   o VIZ 1395 (403 MHz)' USA' Rod thermistor with white coating Carbon hygristor Baroswitch  -O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 5. Humidity sensor types and operating principles.#TxP7QP# ^ <<<<a%s'  <<<<Ix ^  .   dB ]\ Humidity Sensor ă  dB \S Operating Principle ă  dB  Reference ă. .  HUMAN HAIR The length of human hair increases with increasing relative humidity. WMO (1983).   ROLLED HUMAN HAIR The length of human hair increases with relative humidity. Hairs that have been flattened with rollers have improved response.  WMO (1983)   GOLDBEATERS SKIN A membrane from the intestine of an ox (used also to separate gold leaf) changes length in response to humidity changes. WMO (1983)   LiCl HYGRISTOR The resistance of a strip coated with an electrolytic film of lithium chloride increases with increasing relative humidity.g  WMO (1983)   CARBON HYGRISTOR Finely divided carbon particles are suspended in a hygroscopic film whose length changes with humidity, and the resistance increases with humidity.;  WMO (1983) . g  RE-DESIGNED RH DUCTi Humidity sensor is housed in a newly designed duct.i None.   ;  HUMICAP - BEAD A thinfilm sensor whose capacitance varies with relative humidity. A polymer serves as a dielectric material on this sensor, used on Visl radiosondes. Visl Met Systems (1990)  i   S? #X~xP7qXP#Table 6. Temperature sensor types.#TxP7QP# T <<<<Ix  <<<<Uz T   . i   dB b Temperature Sensor ă  dB aS Operating Principle ă  dB  Reference ă. .  THERMISTOR* The electrical resistance of a ceramic element changes with temperature.* WMO (1983).   ROD THERMISTORX The electrical resistance of a cylindrical ceramic element changes with temperature. WMO (1983)  * BEAD THERMISTOR, The electrical resistance of a spherical ceramic element changes with temperature. WMO (1983) z  BIMETAL Two metals of different expansivity (usually invar and steel or invar and brass) are riveted or welded together so that the element bends when heated.L WMO (1983)z .  BIMETAL COILz A bimetal in the shape of a coil.z WMO (1983). . L BIMETAL STRIP A bimetal in the shape of a strip. WMO (1983). . z CERAMIC FLAKE Uncertain. . z  THERMOCAP - BEAD The capacitance of a dielectric ceramic bead changes with temperature. Used on Visl radiosondes. Visl Met Systems (1990)z .  WIRE RESISTOR~! The resistance of a metal wire changes with temperature.~! WMO (1983).  P  BOURDON TUBE" Uncertain. (Bourdon tubes are generally associated with pressure measurements.)R#  . ~! CAPACITIVE TYPE$ Uncertain. Probably, sensor capacitance varies with temperature.$ . >  R# ELECTROLYTIC TYPE% Uncertain.% >  $%-O+O+  S   #X~xP7qXP#Table 7. Pressure sensor types.#TxP7QP# T <<<<Uz  <<<< T >  . $  dB y Pressure Sensor ă  dB  lLOperating Principle ă  dB ' Reference ă.   ANEROID Capsule made of metal with elastic properties deflects with changes in atmospheric pressure. WMO (1983)   BOURDON TUBE A tube of elliptical cross section changes in cross section and length as a function of atmospheric pressure.e WMO (1983) .  BELLOWS TYPE Flexible bellows respond to changes in atmospheric pressure. WMO (1983).  e BAROCAP Small aneroid capsule responds to changes in pressure measured by capacitive transducer plates inside. Used on Visl radiosondes.g  Visl Met Systems (1990)    HYPSOMETER An electrical thermometer measures the boiling point of a liquid, which is a function of atmospheric pressure.K  WMO (1983)  g   S #X~xP7qXP#Table 8. Duct types.#TxP7QP# O <<<<  <<<<& O  . g   dBr &  Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ăT  dBr @d Explanation ă. . & NO DUCT Sensor is not in a duct.. . T DUCT Sensor is in a duct.. >   REDESIGNED DUCT Sensor is not changed, but the duct design is changed.>    S: #X~xP7qXP#Table 9. List of balloon types.#TxP7QP# E <<<<&  !<<<<x E > .  ddVARNISHED PAPER. .  ddGOLDBEATERS SKIN. .  ddSILK. . % ddRUBBER. . S ddMULTIPLE BALLOON. .  ddWITH PARACHUTE. .  ddLATEX. >  ddPLASTIC>   -',',  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 10. Humidity algorithms.#TxP7QP# E !<<<<x  A<<<< E > .    dB *  Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB Dd Explanation ă. .  MANUALLY COMPUTED Humidity computations are made by hand.. .  SLIDE RULE A specially designed slide rule is used.. .  GRAPHG A specially designed graph is used.. .  NOMOGRAMu A specially designed graph and ruler are used..  G EVALUATOR A specially designed mechanical device, often circular, operated much like a slide rule, is used. . u PSYCHROMETRIC TABLEw Numerical tables are used.. . I  AUTOMATIC COMPUTING Computations are done by machine (computer).. . w  CORRECTED ALGORITHM An earlier algorithm has been corrected.. .   BILLIONS ALGORITHM Algorithm developed by Billions (1965). >   MISC. ALGORITHM? Miscellaneous algorithm.>     -',',  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 11. Radiation corrections.#TxP7QP# O A<<<<  a<<<< O >  .   dB    Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB IT Explanation ă  dB d Reference ă. .  NO RAD. CORRECTION No radiation corrections are applied. . .  MISC. RADIATION COR. A radiation correction is applied. .   SCRASE CORRECTIONSG Corrections developed for the U.K. Meteorological Office MKIIB radiosonde. Scrase (1954, 1956); Hawson (1956) .  VAISALA CORRECTIONS Corrections developed by Visl are applied. .   VAISALA RS18I Corrections developed by Visl for the RS18 radiosonde are applied.  Antikainen (1973); Visl (1965)   VAISALA RS21 Corrections developed by Visl for the RS21 radiosonde are applied.      VAISALA RS80 1982 Corrections developed by Visl in 1982 for the RS80 radiosonde are applied.      VAISALA RS80 1986 Corrections developed by Visl in 1986 for the RS80 radiosonde are applied.k Visl Met Systems (1989) z   VAISALA 1986 NO I.R Solar radiation corrections developed by Visl in 1986 for the RS80 radiosonde are applied but without the infrared component. z  k VAISALA RS80 1993 Corrections developed by Visl in 1993 for the RS80 radiosonde are applied.  .  COR. AT 30 & 50 MB Corrections are made at 30 and 50 mb. . z  COR. BET. 400 & 10 MB  Corrections are made for levels between 400 and 10 mb. Gaffen (1993; see page 86 on United States); Hayashi et al. (1956)z   COR. AT 200 & 100 MB Corrections are made at 200 and 100 mb. Gaffen (1993; see page 44 on Hong Kong)  a UKMO KEW MK3 COR.c Corrections for the U.K. Meteorological Office MK3 radiosonde.   . 5 GRAW M60 CORRECTIONS7 Corrections for the Graw M60 radiosonde.7 .    GRAW 1978 COR.e Uncertain. Probably corrections developed in 1978 for the Graw radiosonde.     7 DESIGNED FOR UCCLEI Uncertain. Probably specific corrections designed for application at the Uccle, Belgium, station.    -O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 12. Data correction types.#TxP7QP# O a<<<<  <<<<  O  .    dB "  Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB <d Explanation ă. .  NO CORRECTION No corrections are applied.. .  TEMP. LAG CORRECTION Corrections are applied to adjust for the lag in the temperature sensor.. .  RH LAG CORRECTIONG Corrections are applied to adjust for the lag in the relative humidity sensor.. .  PRES. LAG CORRECTIONu Corrections are applied to adjust for the lag in the pressure sensor.. . G MISC. CORRECTION A miscellaneous correction is applied..   u VIRTUAL TEMP. CORR. Uncertain. Probably, this involves the (correct) use of virtual temperature, rather than (incorrect) use of temperature, in the calculation of geopotential height.    S #X~xP7qXP#Table 13. Data cutoff types.#TxP7QP# J <<<<   <<<<b G 1 J   .   dB   Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB g Explanation ă. . b  NO CUTOFFS Data reported for the entire sounding.. .  NO DATA ABOVE 10 MB Soundings terminated at 10 mb.. .  NO RH ABOVE 200 MB Humidity data terminated at 200 mb.. .  NO RH ABOVE 300 MBH Humidity data terminated at 300 mb.. .  RH MISSING FOR T<-40v Humidity data not reported for temperature below 40$C..  H T<-65 OR RH<9% NO RH Humidity data not reported for temperature below 65$C or relative humidity below 9%.  v T<-40 OR RH<15 NO RHx Humidity data not reported for temperature below 40$C or relative humidity below 15%.  J P<300 OR T<-40 NO RHL Humidity data not reported for pressure lower than 300 mb or temperature below 40$C.   P<200 OR T<-60 NO RH  Humidity data not reported for pressure lower than 200 mb or temperature below 60$C.   P<200 OR T<-65 NO RH Humidity data not reported for pressure lower than 200 mb or temperature below 65$C.   P<100 OR T<-60 NO RH Humidity data not reported for pressure lower than 100 mb or temperature below 60$C. .  RH MISSING FOR T<-60 Humidity data not reported for temperature below 60$C.. . n DEW PT=30 FOR RH<30%! Dew point depression reported at 30$ when relative humidity is below 30%.. .   DEW PT=30 FOR RH<20%" Dew point depression reported at 30$ when relative humidity is below 20%.. . ! SET RH=10% FOR RH<10%&$ Relative humidity is set at 10% for all values measured as less than 10%.. >  " MISC. CUTOFFd% Miscellaneous cutoff.>  &$d% -O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 14. Reporting practices.#TxP7QP# J <<<<b G 1  <<<<! J >  . &$  dB   Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB 5d Explanation ă. .  WINDS IN M/SEC Winds are reported in units of meters per second.. .  WINDS IN KNOTS Winds are reported in units of knots (nautical miles per hour).. .  HUMIDITY AS RHG Humidity data are given in terms of relative humidity.. .  HUMIDITY AS DEW PT.u Humidity data are given in terms of dew point temperature.. >  G HUMIDITY AS DPD Humidity data are given in terms of dew point depression.>  u  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 15. Ground equipment types.#TxP7QP# J <<<<!  <<<< !Q' J >  . u  dB  Ground System ă  dB _ Explanation ă.    72.2 MHz A shortwave receiver operating a 72.2 MHz. Audiomodulated signals are recorded on a chart roll. See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details. .   SCR 584 Signal Corps Radiodirectionfinder. Manually operated electronic tracking device..   SCR 658 & METOX Signal Corps Radiodirectionfinder. Manually operated electronic tracking device. See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details. The of meaning notation "SCR 658 & METOX" is unclear.   GMD Ground Meteorological Directionfinding. Electronic theodolite and radio receiver developed by U.S. military. See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details. .  GMD-1 First operational version of the GMD system. See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details.. . f GMD-1A Version of the GMD1 system. . .  GMD-1B Version of the GMD1 system. . z  GMD-4 Version of the GMD system, presumably with a transponder system, allowing the measurement of slant range (as was included in the GMD2 design). See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details.z .  WBRT-57 U.S. Weather Bureau radiotheodolite, based on the GMD technology.. . j WBRT-60 U.S. Weather Bureau radiotheodolite.. .  LORAN System using longrange navigation.. .  OPTICAL THEODOLITE" Visual tracking of balloon using optical theodolite.. .  RADIOTHEODOLITEP Radio tracking of balloon using radiotheodolite.. >  " ADRES Canadian computerized ground station. See Gaffen (1993).>  P !-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 16. Computing systems.#TxP7QP# J <<<< !Q'  <<<<"a  J >  . P  dB h  Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB 6e Explanation ă.   MANUAL METHODS Human operators compute meteorological quantities using graphs of radio signals as a function of flight time. .  CALCULATOR Electronic calculators are used in computations of meteorological quantities..   SEMI-AUTOMATIC METH. Some, but not all, of the calculations are made automatically, with the aid of a programmable desktop calculator. .  AUTOMATIC METHODS All the data reduction is done automatically, by computer.. .  TRANSISTORIZED EQUIP. Computers based on transistor technology are used..   TIME SHARE COMPUTER Computations are done with the aid of a large computer, not dedicated to the task of radiosonde data processing. .   MINI-COMPUTER Computations are done using a personal computer.. z   CORA Computations are made by the Visl Correlation Radio Wind System (CORA) dedicated ground system, which also tracks the radiosonde using the OMEGA navigational network.z .   MICROCORA Computations are made by the Visl MicroCORA dedicated ground system..  k DIGICORA Computations are made by the Visl DigiCORA dedicated ground system, which also tracks the radiosonde using the Navaid navigational networks.   ART SYSTEM Computations are made by the U.S. National Weather Service Automatic RadioTheodolite ground system, which employs a desktop computer. . m MINI-ART 1 SYSTEMo Updated version of the ART system.. . A MINI-ART 2 SYSTEM Further updated version of the ART system.. >  o MICRO-ART SYSTEM An updated system based on MINIART.>  "-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 17. Country digraphs and associated country names.#TxP7QP# T <<<<"a   !<<<<#i  " " T >  .  " dB ) Digraph  <Country"]SDigraph  dB ~Country ă.  .  "AF Afghanistan"_IO British Indian Ocean Territory.  "AL  Albania "_VI  British Virgin Islands"AG' Algeria'"_BX' Brunei "AQE American SamoaE"_BUE Bulgaria'"ANc Andorrac"_UVc BurkinaE"AO Angola "_BM Burmac"AV Anguilla "_BY Burundi "AY Antarctica "_CB Cambodia "AC Antigua and Barbuda "_CM Cameroon "XQ Arctic Ocean "_CA Canada "AR Argentina"_CV Cape Verde "AM5 Armenia5"_CJ5 Cayman Islands"AAS ArubaS"_CTS Central African Republic5"ATq Ashmore and Cartier Islandsq"_CDq ChadS"ZH Atlantic Ocean"_CI Chileq"AS Australia"_CH China"AU Austria"_KT Christmas Island"AJ Azerbaijan"_IP Clipperton Island"BF The Bahamas"_CK Cocos (Keeling) Islands"BA% Bahrain%"_CO% Colombia"FQC Baker IslandC"_CNC Comoros%"BGa Bangladesha"_CFa CongoC"BB Barbados"_CW Cook Islandsa"BS Bassas da India"_CR Coral Sea Islands"BO  Belarus"_CS CostaRica"BE Belgium"_IV Cote d'Ivoire"BH Belize "_HR Croatia"BN" Benin""_CU" Cuba "BD3# Bermuda3#"_CY3# Cyprus""BTQ$ BhutanQ$"_EZQ$ Czech Republic3#"BLo% Boliviao%"_DAo% DenmarkQ$"BK& Bosnia and Herzegovina&"_DJ& Djiboutio%"BC' Botswana'"_DO' Dominica&"BV( Bouvet Island("_DR( Dominican Republic'"BR) Brazil)"_EC) Ecuador#( *#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 17 (continued).#TxP7QP# ^ !<<<<#i  " "  A<<<<$i  " " ^ .  (" dB ) Digraph  <Country"]SDigraph  dB ~Country ă.  .  "EG Egypt "_VT Holy See (Vatican City).  "ES  El Salvador "_HO  Honduras"EK' Equatorial Guinea '"_HK' Hong Kong  "ERE EritreaE"_HQE Howland Island '"ENc Estoniac"_HUc HungaryE"ET Ethiopia "_IC Icelandc"EU Europa Island "_IN India  "FA Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) "_XO Indian Ocean  "FO Faroe Islands "_ID Indonesia  "FJ Fiji "_IR Iran "FI Finland"_IZ Iraq "FR5 France5"_ EI5 Ireland"FGS French GuianaS"_ISS Israel5"FPq French Polynesiaq"_ITq Italy S"FS French Southern and Antarctic Lands "_JM Jamaicaq"GB Gabon "_JN Jan Mayen "GA The Gambia"_JA Japan "GZ Gaza Strip"_DQ Jarvis Island"GG Georgia"_JE Jersey"GM% Germany%"_JQ% Johnston Atoll "GHC Ghana C"_JOC Jordan%"GIa Gibraltar a"_JUa Juan de Nova IslandC"GO Glorioso Islands"_KZ Kazakhstana"GR Greece"_KE Kenya "GL Greenland "_KQ Kingman Reef"GJ Grenada"_KR Kiribati"GP Guadeloupe "_KN North Korea"GQ" Guam""_KS" South Korea "GT3# Guatemala 3#"_KU3# Kuwait""GKQ$ GuernseyQ$"_KGQ$ Kyrgyzstan3#"GVo% Guineao%"_LAo% LaosQ$"PU& Guinea-Bissau&"_LG& Latviao%"GY' Guyana'"_LE' Lebanon&"HA( Haiti ("_LT( Lesotho'"HM) Heard Island and McDonald Islands)"_ LI) Liberia #(*$-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 17 (continued).#TxP7QP# ^ A<<<<$i  " "  a<<<<%i  " " ^ .  (" dB ) Digraph  <Country"]SDigraph  dB ~Country ă.  .  "LY Libya "_NU Nicaragua .  "LS  Liechtenstein "_NG  Niger "LH' Lithuania '"_NI' Nigeria "LUE LuxembourgE"_NEE Niue'"MCc Macau c"_NFc Norfolk Island E"MK Macedonia  "_CQ Northern Mariana Islandsc"MA Madagascar "_NO Norway "MI Malawi "_MU Oman "MY Malaysia "_NQ Pacific Islands (Palau) "MV Maldives "_ZN Pacific Ocean "ML Mali"_PK Pakistan "MT5 Malta 5"_LQ5 Palmyra Atoll"IMS Isle of ManS"_PMS Panama5"RMq Marshall Islandsq"_PPq Papua New GuineaS"MB Martinique"_PF Paracel Islandsq"MR Mauritania"_PA Paraguay"MP Mauritius "_PE Peru"MF Mayotte"_RP Philippines"MX Mexico"_PC Pitcairn Islands"FM% Federated States of Micronesia%"_PL% Poland"MQC Midway Islands C"_POC Portugal%"MDa Moldovaa"_QRa Puerto RicoC"MN Monaco"_QA Qatar a"MG Mongolia"_RE Reunion"MH Montserrat"_RO Romania"MO Morocco"_RS Russia"MZ Mozambique "_RW Rwanda"WA" Namibia""_SH" Saint Helena "NR3# Nauru 3#"_SC3# Saint Kitts and Nevis""BQQ$ Navassa Island Q$"_STQ$ Saint Lucia3#"NPo% Nepal o%"_SBo% Saint Pierre and MiquelonQ$"NL& Netherlands&"_VC& Saint Vincent and the Grenadineso%"NA' Netherlands Antilles'"_SM' San Marino&"NC( New Caledonia("_TP( Sao Tome and Principe'"NZ) New Zealand)"_SA) Saudi Arabia#()%-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 17 (continued).#TxP7QP# ^ a<<<<%i  " "  <<<<&i  " " ^ .  (" dB ) Digraph  <Country"]SDigraph  dB ~Country ă.  .  "SG Senegal"_UP Ukraine.  "SR  Serbia and Montenegro "_TC  United Arab Emirates"SE' Seychelles'"_UK' United Kingdom  "SLE Sierra LeoneE"_USE United States'"SNc Singapore c"_UYc UruguayE"LO Slovakia "_UZ Uzbekistanc"SI Slovenia "_NH Vanuatu "BP Solomon Islands "_VE Venezuela  "SO Somalia "_VM Vietnam "SF South Africa "_VQ Virgin Islands  "SX South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"_WQ Wake Island "SP Spain "_WF Wallis and Futuna "PG Spratly Islands"_WG West Bank "CE Sri Lanka "_WI Western Sahara "SU5 Sudan 5"_WS5 Western Samoa"NSS SurinameS"_XXS World5"SVq Svalbardq"_YMq Yemen S"WZ Swaziland "_CG Zaire q"SW Sweden"_ZA Zambia"SZ Switzerland"_ZI Zimbabwe"SY Syria "_TW Taiwan"TI Tajikistan"`B "TZ% Tanzania%"`B% "THC ThailandC"`BC %"TOa Togoa"`Ba C"TL Tokelau "`B a"TN! Tonga !"`B!  "TD" Trinidad and Tobago""`B" !"TE# Tromelin Island#"`B# ""TS$ Tunisia$"`B$ #"TU& Turkey&"`B& $"TX3' Turkmenistan3'"`B3' &"TKQ( Turks and Caicos IslandsQ("`BQ( 3'"TUo) Tuvaluo)"`Bo) . Q("UG* Uganda*"`B* . #o)*&-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 18. WMO regions.#TxP7QP# X:` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:   s""90000"A98999"]fV Southwest Pacific>   '-O+O+ #X~xP7qXP# Figure 1. Summary of the contents of the metadata set of upperair station histories, by WMO region. Figure 2. Number of station history records per decade. This chart excludes those records pertaining to national independence dates.)(-O+O+ Figure 3. Summary of the contents of the metadata set of upperair station histories, by metadata type. Figure 4. Summary of the contents of the metadata set of upperair station histories, by metadata sour2X"m'^CCd~~ȘCCC~CCCC~~~~~~~~~~CChȔ~so8okw~ȐzCCCddCkskskJss00k0ssssFdJsooo`YdYd~~~~~CCCCk~~~~~~d~z0kkkkkĪksksksksk80808080sssssssssoksssoswskkkkkkksskskskskssssssss80808080`okk0k0k0kIk0sssssȵFFFdddd~J~J~JssssssȮoz`z`z`sk0sFd~JoosssCdddCC/Nd~~Choo~~~QQ~NNdd~NCddd~JJ~~zzdddzzxCdxN"Ȑdjd dCCȐzȐCd~w~ȣȔ`C~o~sȐdȐȐxȮzȐUwxŐdȐYYxCCCCΔs~wodssdz]sz84ddwo`szwsz]~]wosds44swwsCC~~~~~~~sssssssssssssssssssdddddddssssssssssssssssssss444444444444ssssssswwwwwwwwwwwwCzs8dYCxtk#HHH,H H@7@2~CC,qX~xP7XPl2~CC,)qX~xx7XX2~CC,qX~xP7X"m'^CCd~~ȘCCC~CCCC~~~~~~~~~~CChȔ~so8okw~ȐzCCCddCkskskJss00k0ssssFdJsooo`YdYd~~~~~CCCCk~~~~~~d~z0kkkkkĪksksksksk80808080sssssssssoksssoswskkkkkkksskskskskssssssss80808080`okk0k0k0k?k0sssssȵFFFdddd~J~J~JssssssȮoz`z`z`sk0sFd~JoosssCdddCC/Nd~~Choo~~~QQ~NNdd~NCddd~JJ~~zzdddzzxCdxN"ȐdnddCCȐzȐCd~w~ȣȔ`C~o~sȐdȐȐxȮzȐUwxŐdȐYYxCCCCΔs~wodssdz]sz84ddwo`szwsz]~]wosds44swwsCC~~~~~~~sssssssssssssssssssdddddddssssssssssssssssssss444444444444ssssssswwwwwwwwwwwwCzs8dYCx2#X~xP7qXP#    ЊX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8: 1yes  WMO station number. . L Station nameN > 1yesN Often a city name. For U.S. stations, state abbreviation is also given.. .   Country code| > 1yes| Twoletter FIPS code identifying the country.. . N Latitude > 1yes In decimal form, with positive values for northern hemisphere, negative for southern.. . | Longitude > 1yes In decimal form. Positive values from 0 to 360, increasing westward.. .   Elevation > 1yes In meters above sea level..    Month of event4 > 1yes4 Month in which the event took place, expressed in Arabic numbers from 01 to 12. If the month is not known, a value of 00 is included in this field. .   Year of event > 1yes Year in which the event took place..    Uncertain date6 [ 1no6 If the original metadata source was uncertain or unclear about the date of the event, or if the date was judged to be dubious, this field contains "Yes". .  Event type  > 1yes  See Table 1 for possibilities..   Alternates8 [ 1no8 In case the event type "USING SONDE MODEL" or "USING RADIAT. CORR." appears more than once for a particular station on a particular date, this field contains "I1", "I2", or "I3" for alternate instruments or "R1", "R2", or "R3" for alternate radiation correction methods. Radiation correction method alternate "R1" should be paired with instrument alternate "I1" , etc.    Before information > 1yes For static events, the pertinent information for the date in question. For dynamic events, the relevant information for the period preceding the change date. .  Link [ 1no Either the word "to" (for dynamic events) or blank (for static events)..   After information > 1yes For static events, nothing appears in this field. For dynamic events, the relevant information for the period following the change date.   Reference [ 1no An abbreviated citation of the source of metadata. See the reference section of this report for full citations. .  Comment [ 1no Any nonstandard information or explanatory text..   z Record number [ 1no A number whose value is unique for each record. Because the metadata have been sorted since initial entry, the record numbers are not in strict numerical order.  -O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 3. A sample of records from the main Station History table for five stations. Each record spans two pages. The fields shown are those listed in Table 2, except  S the "Comment" and "Record Number" fields are not shown.#TxP7QP#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 3 (continued).#TxP7QP#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 3 (continued).#TxP7QP#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 3 (continued).#TxP7QP#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 4. Radiosonde types, their country of origin, and their sensors. This is a small subset of the full table in the digital metadata set and is meant only as a sample of  S the type of information included.#TxP7QP# ^ a<<<<x7  <<<<a%s' ^   .   dB J! Type  dB  7 Country à cFTemperature Sensor dHumidity Sensor  dB Pressure Sensor ă. z a A22III (403 MHz) USSR Spiral bimetal plate Goldbeater's skin Two bronze aneroid boxes with thermal compensationz   Graw M60 (27 and 403 MHz) Germany Bimetal cylinder Artificial hair Aneroid capsule .   GZZ7 China Rod thermistor Carbon hygristor Nickel span C aneroid. z  India Mark 3 (401 and 1680 MHz)  India  Rod thermistor with titanium dioxide coating  Lithium chloride hygristor  Baroswitchz    Kew Mark IIB United KingdomY Cylindrical bimetallic stripY Unvarnished goldbeater's skinY Aneroid capsule     MARS (1782 MHz) (Also known as MARZ)- USSR- Rod thermistor (covered with antiradiation hydrophobic varnish since 1967)y Goldbeater's skiny None   Y Meisei RSII80 Japan White glasscoated thermistorM Carbon hygristorM Nickelspan aneroid capsule z y Mesural FMO 1944C (400 MHz)! France! Whitecoated rod thermistor (VIZ military model) Goldbeater's skin diaphragm Aneroid capsule (precalibrated)z  M Philips Mark II Australia White ceramic rod resistor Lithium chloride Single aneroid capsule   SRS400 (Meteolabor) Switzerland Thermocouple VIZ AccuLok Hygristor (13286065)o Water hypsometer z  Visl RS80 Finland THERMOCAP ceramic capacitive bead HUMICAP capacitive thin film element BAROCAP capacitive aneroid sensor z   o VIZ 1395 (403 MHz)' USA' Rod thermistor with white coating Carbon hygristor Baroswitch  -O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 5. Humidity sensor types and operating principles.#TxP7QP# ^ <<<<a%s'  <<<<Ix ^  .   dB ]\ Humidity Sensor ă  dB \S Operating Principle ă  dB  Reference ă. .  HUMAN HAIR The length of human hair increases with increasing relative humidity. WMO (1983).   ROLLED HUMAN HAIR The length of human hair increases with relative humidity. Hairs that have been flattened with rollers have improved response.  WMO (1983)   GOLDBEATERS SKIN A membrane from the intestine of an ox (used also to separate gold leaf) changes length in response to humidity changes. WMO (1983)   LiCl HYGRISTOR The resistance of a strip coated with an electrolytic film of lithium chloride increases with increasing relative humidity.g  WMO (1983)   CARBON HYGRISTOR Finely divided carbon particles are suspended in a hygroscopic film whose length changes with humidity, and the resistance increases with humidity.;  WMO (1983) . g  RE-DESIGNED RH DUCTi Humidity sensor is housed in a newly designed duct.i None.   ;  HUMICAP - BEAD A thinfilm sensor whose capacitance varies with relative humidity. A polymer serves as a dielectric material on this sensor, used on Visl radiosondes. Visl Met Systems (1990)  i   S? #X~xP7qXP#Table 6. Temperature sensor types.#TxP7QP# T <<<<Ix  <<<<Uz T   . i   dB b Temperature Sensor ă  dB aS Operating Principle ă  dB  Reference ă. .  THERMISTOR* The electrical resistance of a ceramic element changes with temperature.* WMO (1983).   ROD THERMISTORX The electrical resistance of a cylindrical ceramic element changes with temperature. WMO (1983)  * BEAD THERMISTOR, The electrical resistance of a spherical ceramic element changes with temperature. WMO (1983) z  BIMETAL Two metals of different expansivity (usually invar and steel or invar and brass) are riveted or welded together so that the element bends when heated.L WMO (1983)z .  BIMETAL COILz A bimetal in the shape of a coil.z WMO (1983). . L BIMETAL STRIP A bimetal in the shape of a strip. WMO (1983). . z CERAMIC FLAKE Uncertain. . z  THERMOCAP - BEAD The capacitance of a dielectric ceramic bead changes with temperature. Used on Visl radiosondes. Visl Met Systems (1990)z .  WIRE RESISTOR~! The resistance of a metal wire changes with temperature.~! WMO (1983).  P  BOURDON TUBE" Uncertain. (Bourdon tubes are generally associated with pressure measurements.)R#  . ~! CAPACITIVE TYPE$ Uncertain. Probably, sensor capacitance varies with temperature.$ . >  R# ELECTROLYTIC TYPE% Uncertain.% >  $%-O+O+  S   #X~xP7qXP#Table 7. Pressure sensor types.#TxP7QP# T <<<<Uz  <<<< T >  . $  dB y Pressure Sensor ă  dB  lLOperating Principle ă  dB ' Reference ă.   ANEROID Capsule made of metal with elastic properties deflects with changes in atmospheric pressure. WMO (1983)   BOURDON TUBE A tube of elliptical cross section changes in cross section and length as a function of atmospheric pressure.e WMO (1983) .  BELLOWS TYPE Flexible bellows respond to changes in atmospheric pressure. WMO (1983).  e BAROCAP Small aneroid capsule responds to changes in pressure measured by capacitive transducer plates inside. Used on Visl radiosondes.g  Visl Met Systems (1990)    HYPSOMETER An electrical thermometer measures the boiling point of a liquid, which is a function of atmospheric pressure.K  WMO (1983)  g   S #X~xP7qXP#Table 8. Duct types.#TxP7QP# O <<<<  <<<<& O  . g   dBr &  Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ăT  dBr @d Explanation ă. . & NO DUCT Sensor is not in a duct.. . T DUCT Sensor is in a duct.. >   REDESIGNED DUCT Sensor is not changed, but the duct design is changed.>    S: #X~xP7qXP#Table 9. List of balloon types.#TxP7QP# E <<<<&  !<<<<x E > .  ddVARNISHED PAPER. .  ddGOLDBEATERS SKIN. .  ddSILK. . % ddRUBBER. . S ddMULTIPLE BALLOON. .  ddWITH PARACHUTE. .  ddLATEX. >  ddPLASTIC>   -',',  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 10. Humidity algorithms.#TxP7QP# E !<<<<x  A<<<< E > .    dB *  Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB Dd Explanation ă. .  MANUALLY COMPUTED Humidity computations are made by hand.. .  SLIDE RULE A specially designed slide rule is used.. .  GRAPHG A specially designed graph is used.. .  NOMOGRAMu A specially designed graph and ruler are used..  G EVALUATOR A specially designed mechanical device, often circular, operated much like a slide rule, is used. . u PSYCHROMETRIC TABLEw Numerical tables are used.. . I  AUTOMATIC COMPUTING Computations are done by machine (computer).. . w  CORRECTED ALGORITHM An earlier algorithm has been corrected.. .   BILLIONS ALGORITHM Algorithm developed by Billions (1965). >   MISC. ALGORITHM? Miscellaneous algorithm.>     -',',  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 11. Radiation corrections.#TxP7QP# O A<<<<  a<<<< O >  .   dB    Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB IT Explanation ă  dB d Reference ă. .  NO RAD. CORRECTION No radiation corrections are applied. . .  MISC. RADIATION COR. A radiation correction is applied. .   SCRASE CORRECTIONSG Corrections developed for the U.K. Meteorological Office MKIIB radiosonde. Scrase (1954, 1956); Hawson (1956) .  VAISALA CORRECTIONS Corrections developed by Visl are applied. .   VAISALA RS18I Corrections developed by Visl for the RS18 radiosonde are applied.  Antikainen (1973); Visl (1965)   VAISALA RS21 Corrections developed by Visl for the RS21 radiosonde are applied.      VAISALA RS80 1982 Corrections developed by Visl in 1982 for the RS80 radiosonde are applied.      VAISALA RS80 1986 Corrections developed by Visl in 1986 for the RS80 radiosonde are applied.k Visl Met Systems (1989) z   VAISALA 1986 NO I.R Solar radiation corrections developed by Visl in 1986 for the RS80 radiosonde are applied but without the infrared component. z  k VAISALA RS80 1993 Corrections developed by Visl in 1993 for the RS80 radiosonde are applied.  .  COR. AT 30 & 50 MB Corrections are made at 30 and 50 mb. . z  COR. BET. 400 & 10 MB  Corrections are made for levels between 400 and 10 mb. Gaffen (1993; see page 86 on United States); Hayashi et al. (1956)z   COR. AT 200 & 100 MB Corrections are made at 200 and 100 mb. Gaffen (1993; see page 44 on Hong Kong)  a UKMO KEW MK3 COR.c Corrections for the U.K. Meteorological Office MK3 radiosonde.   . 5 GRAW M60 CORRECTIONS7 Corrections for the Graw M60 radiosonde.7 .    GRAW 1978 COR.e Uncertain. Probably corrections developed in 1978 for the Graw radiosonde.     7 DESIGNED FOR UCCLEI Uncertain. Probably specific corrections designed for application at the Uccle, Belgium, station.    -O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 12. Data correction types.#TxP7QP# O a<<<<  <<<<  O  .    dB "  Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB <d Explanation ă. .  NO CORRECTION No corrections are applied.. .  TEMP. LAG CORRECTION Corrections are applied to adjust for the lag in the temperature sensor.. .  RH LAG CORRECTIONG Corrections are applied to adjust for the lag in the relative humidity sensor.. .  PRES. LAG CORRECTIONu Corrections are applied to adjust for the lag in the pressure sensor.. . G MISC. CORRECTION A miscellaneous correction is applied..   u VIRTUAL TEMP. CORR. Uncertain. Probably, this involves the (correct) use of virtual temperature, rather than (incorrect) use of temperature, in the calculation of geopotential height.    S #X~xP7qXP#Table 13. Data cutoff types.#TxP7QP# J <<<<   <<<<b G 1 J   .   dB   Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB g Explanation ă. . b  NO CUTOFFS Data reported for the entire sounding.. .  NO DATA ABOVE 10 MB Soundings terminated at 10 mb.. .  NO RH ABOVE 200 MB Humidity data terminated at 200 mb.. .  NO RH ABOVE 300 MBH Humidity data terminated at 300 mb.. .  RH MISSING FOR T<-40v Humidity data not reported for temperature below 40$C..  H T<-65 OR RH<9% NO RH Humidity data not reported for temperature below 65$C or relative humidity below 9%.  v T<-40 OR RH<15 NO RHx Humidity data not reported for temperature below 40$C or relative humidity below 15%.  J P<300 OR T<-40 NO RHL Humidity data not reported for pressure lower than 300 mb or temperature below 40$C.   P<200 OR T<-60 NO RH  Humidity data not reported for pressure lower than 200 mb or temperature below 60$C.   P<200 OR T<-65 NO RH Humidity data not reported for pressure lower than 200 mb or temperature below 65$C.   P<100 OR T<-60 NO RH Humidity data not reported for pressure lower than 100 mb or temperature below 60$C. .  RH MISSING FOR T<-60 Humidity data not reported for temperature below 60$C.. . n DEW PT=30 FOR RH<30%! Dew point depression reported at 30$ when relative humidity is below 30%.. .   DEW PT=30 FOR RH<20%" Dew point depression reported at 30$ when relative humidity is below 20%.. . ! SET RH=10% FOR RH<10%&$ Relative humidity is set at 10% for all values measured as less than 10%.. >  " MISC. CUTOFFd% Miscellaneous cutoff.>  &$d% -O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 14. Reporting practices.#TxP7QP# J <<<<b G 1  <<<<! J >  . &$  dB   Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB 5d Explanation ă. .  WINDS IN M/SEC Winds are reported in units of meters per second.. .  WINDS IN KNOTS Winds are reported in units of knots (nautical miles per hour).. .  HUMIDITY AS RHG Humidity data are given in terms of relative humidity.. .  HUMIDITY AS DEW PT.u Humidity data are given in terms of dew point temperature.. >  G HUMIDITY AS DPD Humidity data are given in terms of dew point depression.>  u  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 15. Ground equipment types.#TxP7QP# J <<<<!  <<<< !Q' J >  . u  dB  Ground System ă  dB _ Explanation ă.    72.2 MHz A shortwave receiver operating a 72.2 MHz. Audiomodulated signals are recorded on a chart roll. See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details. .   SCR 584 Signal Corps Radiodirectionfinder. Manually operated electronic tracking device..   SCR 658 & METOX Signal Corps Radiodirectionfinder. Manually operated electronic tracking device. See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details. The of meaning notation "SCR 658 & METOX" is unclear.   GMD Ground Meteorological Directionfinding. Electronic theodolite and radio receiver developed by U.S. military. See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details. .  GMD-1 First operational version of the GMD system. See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details.. . f GMD-1A Version of the GMD1 system. . .  GMD-1B Version of the GMD1 system. . z  GMD-4 Version of the GMD system, presumably with a transponder system, allowing the measurement of slant range (as was included in the GMD2 design). See U.S. Weather Bureau (1964) for details.z .  WBRT-57 U.S. Weather Bureau radiotheodolite, based on the GMD technology.. . j WBRT-60 U.S. Weather Bureau radiotheodolite.. .  LORAN System using longrange navigation.. .  OPTICAL THEODOLITE" Visual tracking of balloon using optical theodolite.. .  RADIOTHEODOLITEP Radio tracking of balloon using radiotheodolite.. >  " ADRES Canadian computerized ground station. See Gaffen (1993).>  P !-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 16. Computing systems.#TxP7QP# J <<<< !Q'  <<<<"a  J >  . P  dB h  Abbreviated Entry in Main Table ă  dB 6e Explanation ă.   MANUAL METHODS Human operators compute meteorological quantities using graphs of radio signals as a function of flight time. .  CALCULATOR Electronic calculators are used in computations of meteorological quantities..   SEMI-AUTOMATIC METH. Some, but not all, of the calculations are made automatically, with the aid of a programmable desktop calculator. .  AUTOMATIC METHODS All the data reduction is done automatically, by computer.. .  TRANSISTORIZED EQUIP. Computers based on transistor technology are used..   TIME SHARE COMPUTER Computations are done with the aid of a large computer, not dedicated to the task of radiosonde data processing. .   MINI-COMPUTER Computations are done using a personal computer.. z   CORA Computations are made by the Visl Correlation Radio Wind System (CORA) dedicated ground system, which also tracks the radiosonde using the OMEGA navigational network.z .   MICROCORA Computations are made by the Visl MicroCORA dedicated ground system..  k DIGICORA Computations are made by the Visl DigiCORA dedicated ground system, which also tracks the radiosonde using the Navaid navigational networks.   ART SYSTEM Computations are made by the U.S. National Weather Service Automatic RadioTheodolite ground system, which employs a desktop computer. . m MINI-ART 1 SYSTEMo Updated version of the ART system.. . A MINI-ART 2 SYSTEM Further updated version of the ART system.. >  o MICRO-ART SYSTEM An updated system based on MINIART.>  "-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 17. Country digraphs and associated country names.#TxP7QP# T <<<<"a   !<<<<#i  " " T >  .  " dB ) Digraph  <Country"]SDigraph  dB ~Country ă.  .  "AF Afghanistan"_IO British Indian Ocean Territory.  "AL  Albania "_VI  British Virgin Islands"AG' Algeria'"_BX' Brunei "AQE American SamoaE"_BUE Bulgaria'"ANc Andorrac"_UVc BurkinaE"AO Angola "_BM Burmac"AV Anguilla "_BY Burundi "AY Antarctica "_CB Cambodia "AC Antigua and Barbuda "_CM Cameroon "XQ Arctic Ocean "_CA Canada "AR Argentina"_CV Cape Verde "AM5 Armenia5"_CJ5 Cayman Islands"AAS ArubaS"_CTS Central African Republic5"ATq Ashmore and Cartier Islandsq"_CDq ChadS"ZH Atlantic Ocean"_CI Chileq"AS Australia"_CH China"AU Austria"_KT Christmas Island"AJ Azerbaijan"_IP Clipperton Island"BF The Bahamas"_CK Cocos (Keeling) Islands"BA% Bahrain%"_CO% Colombia"FQC Baker IslandC"_CNC Comoros%"BGa Bangladesha"_CFa CongoC"BB Barbados"_CW Cook Islandsa"BS Bassas da India"_CR Coral Sea Islands"BO  Belarus"_CS CostaRica"BE Belgium"_IV Cote d'Ivoire"BH Belize "_HR Croatia"BN" Benin""_CU" Cuba "BD3# Bermuda3#"_CY3# Cyprus""BTQ$ BhutanQ$"_EZQ$ Czech Republic3#"BLo% Boliviao%"_DAo% DenmarkQ$"BK& Bosnia and Herzegovina&"_DJ& Djiboutio%"BC' Botswana'"_DO' Dominica&"BV( Bouvet Island("_DR( Dominican Republic'"BR) Brazil)"_EC) Ecuador#( *#-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 17 (continued).#TxP7QP# ^ !<<<<#i  " "  A<<<<$i  " " ^ .  (" dB ) Digraph  <Country"]SDigraph  dB ~Country ă.  .  "EG Egypt "_VT Holy See (Vatican City).  "ES  El Salvador "_HO  Honduras"EK' Equatorial Guinea '"_HK' Hong Kong  "ERE EritreaE"_HQE Howland Island '"ENc Estoniac"_HUc HungaryE"ET Ethiopia "_IC Icelandc"EU Europa Island "_IN India  "FA Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) "_XO Indian Ocean  "FO Faroe Islands "_ID Indonesia  "FJ Fiji "_IR Iran "FI Finland"_IZ Iraq "FR5 France5"_ EI5 Ireland"FGS French GuianaS"_ISS Israel5"FPq French Polynesiaq"_ITq Italy S"FS French Southern and Antarctic Lands "_JM Jamaicaq"GB Gabon "_JN Jan Mayen "GA The Gambia"_JA Japan "GZ Gaza Strip"_DQ Jarvis Island"GG Georgia"_JE Jersey"GM% Germany%"_JQ% Johnston Atoll "GHC Ghana C"_JOC Jordan%"GIa Gibraltar a"_JUa Juan de Nova IslandC"GO Glorioso Islands"_KZ Kazakhstana"GR Greece"_KE Kenya "GL Greenland "_KQ Kingman Reef"GJ Grenada"_KR Kiribati"GP Guadeloupe "_KN North Korea"GQ" Guam""_KS" South Korea "GT3# Guatemala 3#"_KU3# Kuwait""GKQ$ GuernseyQ$"_KGQ$ Kyrgyzstan3#"GVo% Guineao%"_LAo% LaosQ$"PU& Guinea-Bissau&"_LG& Latviao%"GY' Guyana'"_LE' Lebanon&"HA( Haiti ("_LT( Lesotho'"HM) Heard Island and McDonald Islands)"_ LI) Liberia #(*$-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 17 (continued).#TxP7QP# ^ A<<<<$i  " "  a<<<<%i  " " ^ .  (" dB ) Digraph  <Country"]SDigraph  dB ~Country ă.  .  "LY Libya "_NU Nicaragua .  "LS  Liechtenstein "_NG  Niger "LH' Lithuania '"_NI' Nigeria "LUE LuxembourgE"_NEE Niue'"MCc Macau c"_NFc Norfolk Island E"MK Macedonia  "_CQ Northern Mariana Islandsc"MA Madagascar "_NO Norway "MI Malawi "_MU Oman "MY Malaysia "_NQ Pacific Islands (Palau) "MV Maldives "_ZN Pacific Ocean "ML Mali"_PK Pakistan "MT5 Malta 5"_LQ5 Palmyra Atoll"IMS Isle of ManS"_PMS Panama5"RMq Marshall Islandsq"_PPq Papua New GuineaS"MB Martinique"_PF Paracel Islandsq"MR Mauritania"_PA Paraguay"MP Mauritius "_PE Peru"MF Mayotte"_RP Philippines"MX Mexico"_PC Pitcairn Islands"FM% Federated States of Micronesia%"_PL% Poland"MQC Midway Islands C"_POC Portugal%"MDa Moldovaa"_QRa Puerto RicoC"MN Monaco"_QA Qatar a"MG Mongolia"_RE Reunion"MH Montserrat"_RO Romania"MO Morocco"_RS Russia"MZ Mozambique "_RW Rwanda"WA" Namibia""_SH" Saint Helena "NR3# Nauru 3#"_SC3# Saint Kitts and Nevis""BQQ$ Navassa Island Q$"_STQ$ Saint Lucia3#"NPo% Nepal o%"_SBo% Saint Pierre and MiquelonQ$"NL& Netherlands&"_VC& Saint Vincent and the Grenadineso%"NA' Netherlands Antilles'"_SM' San Marino&"NC( New Caledonia("_TP( Sao Tome and Principe'"NZ) New Zealand)"_SA) Saudi Arabia#()%-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 17 (continued).#TxP7QP# ^ a<<<<%i  " "  <<<<&i  " " ^ .  (" dB ) Digraph  <Country"]SDigraph  dB ~Country ă.  .  "SG Senegal"_UP Ukraine.  "SR  Serbia and Montenegro "_TC  United Arab Emirates"SE' Seychelles'"_UK' United Kingdom  "SLE Sierra LeoneE"_USE United States'"SNc Singapore c"_UYc UruguayE"LO Slovakia "_UZ Uzbekistanc"SI Slovenia "_NH Vanuatu "BP Solomon Islands "_VE Venezuela  "SO Somalia "_VM Vietnam "SF South Africa "_VQ Virgin Islands  "SX South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"_WQ Wake Island "SP Spain "_WF Wallis and Futuna "PG Spratly Islands"_WG West Bank "CE Sri Lanka "_WI Western Sahara "SU5 Sudan 5"_WS5 Western Samoa"NSS SurinameS"_XXS World5"SVq Svalbardq"_YMq Yemen S"WZ Swaziland "_CG Zaire q"SW Sweden"_ZA Zambia"SZ Switzerland"_ZI Zimbabwe"SY Syria "_TW Taiwan"TI Tajikistan"`B "TZ% Tanzania%"`B% "THC ThailandC"`BC %"TOa Togoa"`Ba C"TL Tokelau "`B a"TN! Tonga !"`B!  "TD" Trinidad and Tobago""`B" !"TE# Tromelin Island#"`B# ""TS$ Tunisia$"`B$ #"TU& Turkey&"`B& $"TX3' Turkmenistan3'"`B3' &"TKQ( Turks and Caicos IslandsQ("`BQ( 3'"TUo) Tuvaluo)"`Bo) . Q("UG* Uganda*"`B* . #o)*&-O+O+  S #X~xP7qXP#Table 18. WMO regions.#TxP7QP# X:` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:   s""90000"A98999"]fV Southwest Pacific>   '-O+O+ #X~xP7qXP# Figure 1. Summary of the contents of the metadata set of upperair station histories, by WMO region. Figure 2. Number of station history records per decade. This chart excludes those records pertaining to national independence dates.)(-O+O+ Figure 3. Summary of the contents of the metadata set of upperair station histories, by metadata type. Figure 4. Summary of the contents of the metadata set of upperair station histories, by metadata source.