FINAL REPORT DEVELOPING HAIL DATABASES FOR THE UNITED STATES NOAA Seal Prepared by Stanley A. Changnon Principal Investigator and David Changnon Award Number NA76GP0439 Office of Global Programs National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U. S. Department of Commerce CHANGNON CLIMATOLOGIST MAHOMET, ILLINOIS 61853 CRR-47 August 1999 CONTENTS Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Data Acquisition and Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Data Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Data Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Data Digitization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Long-term Fluctuations and Trends in Hail Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Assessment of Hail Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Relations between Hail-day Frequencies And Crop-Hail Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Hail Days . . . . . . . . . . 15 Average Spatial Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Trends and Fluctuations in State Hail Days . . . . .16 Distribution of Results and Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Project Management and Staffing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Appendix B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Appendix C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Appendix D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 INTRODUCTION This report describes the work pursued and achievements during this 2-year project which began on September 1, 1997 and ended on August 31, 1999. The report addresses the requirements of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for a final report. The project was part of the NOAA/NASA Enhanced Data Set Project, and funds came from NOAA's Office of Global Programs and from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Mission to Planet Earth. The project's goal was to develop historically reliable data sets on hail-day occurrences and for crop-hail loss for those areas of the United States where hail is a significant problem; to perform research using these databases; and to provide the developed databases to the user community. The specific objectives were: 1) To develop an enhanced climatological data set based on hail-day values derived from National Weather Service (NWS) first-order and cooperative substation records for 27 states covering the 1901-1994 period, and to acquire the crop-hail loss data for these states covering the 1948-1994 period. 2) To perform research using these two databases to define the relationship of hail-day values with crop-hail loss values for each state. 3. To publish widely the results, for the atmospheric sciences community and for the weather insurance industry. 4) To make the resulting databases readily available to the scientific and business communities interested in hail. Tasks The project consisted of five tasks. The first two tasks were to be completed in Year One and the last three during Year Two. Task One involved the acquisition and tabulation of historical hail data covering the 1901-1994 period. This included the hail-day data for all long-term NWS stations, and the crop-hail insurance loss data for each state and covering the 1948-1994 period (the crop-hail data began being collected in 1948). Task Two involved the evaluation of data quality for all the NWS cooperative substations where hail-day reporting is a volunteer effort. This included use of a special method of evaluation (Changnon, 1967) which consists of a three-step algorithm. This effort had been accomplished in earlier studies for data covering the 1901-1960 period; thus, in this project, the monthly hail-day data for the 1961-1994 period had to be evaluated for accuracy. After all the quality historical hail records were identified, the NWS hail-day data and the insurance crop-hail loss were be digitized. Task Three involved studies of the two data sets. A primary activity was a comparative analyses to determine the degree of relationship between various hail-day expressions and the annual crop-hail loss values, as had been demonstrated in three state analysis (Changnon and Changnon, 1997). Task Four involved the possible creation of a third major hail database based on the relationship between crop-hail loss and hail-day frequencies for each state. If sufficiently good relationships were found for all states, a blended database of crop-hail losses covering the 1901-1994 period would be developed. Task Five involved four efforts: 1) database archival; 2) provision of the databases created to the national archives at National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), to the regional climate centers, and to the insurance industry; 3) announcements about the database availability in appropriate journals; and 4) the preparation and presentation of talks and scientific papers describing the databases and the results of the research. DATA ACQUISITION AND ASSESSMENT The activities during the first year of this 2-year project followed the project objectives and tasks one and two (described above). The Year One objectives were as follows. 1) To acquire and assemble all available historical hail data for National Weather Service (NWS) stations in 27 states (first-order stations and cooperative substations) and covering the 1901-1994 period. 2) To evaluate the cooperative substation data for quality during this 94-year period. 3) To acquire the historical crop-hail loss data for the 27 major loss states covering the 1948-1994 period. 4) To digitize these two databases. Data Acquisition The data acquisition efforts involved securing the crop-hail insurance data and the National Weather Service (NWS) data. The annual insurance data were provided at no cost in hard copy formats by the National Crop Insurance Services. The NWS data acquisition was complex and involved several steps. Tabulated paper records of the historical hail data from cooperative substations and most first-order stations covering the 1901-1960 period and for 23 states, and entered in a variety of formats, were available. These were transferred to standard data entry sheets. The initial plan was to acquire the historical station data for 1901-1995 period. However, the original station record forms for the substations for the 1995 data had not been entered on microfiche by NCDC and thus were unavailable at the Midwestern Climate Center. Hence, the NWS data entry and evaluation were based on data for the 1901-1994 period. Investigation of the stored and available hail data records of the 27 states at Changnon Climatologist revealed that as a result of damage due to long-term storage, the original hard copy hail-day data records for four states covering the 1901-1960 period were not readable. The states with damaged records were Colorado, Georgia, Iowa, and Wyoming. This required acquisition of all the original substation records for these states (on microfiche), the extraction of the dates with hail values, and then the evaluation as to which stations had quality data. A further problem concerned the early (pre-1950) Wyoming hail data. Copies of the original Wyoming substation data records for the 1901-1949 period did not exist at NCDC nor at any Wyoming weather offices. Fortunately, the Wyoming monthly Local Climatological Data publications for the 1915-1949 period contained written reports of hail days in the state listed by each station. Data extraction required reading of each monthly summary for these 35 years to identify and list hail data. The original data for Texas cooperative stations covering the 1901-1918 also were not available, limiting the historical period of hail record for Texas stations to the 1919-1994 period. These data extraction-evaluation analyses for Colorado, Georgia, Iowa, and Wyoming required greater analytical effort than had been originally scheduled. Difficulties were also encountered in acquiring all the data for several first-order stations, particularly those not secured in the earlier studies of hail covering the 1901-1960 period. The Midwestern Climate Center and NCDC did not have the first-order station data records for 1901-1950 period for approximately 30 first-order stations. This necessitated contacting these stations (by phone and by correspondence) to access the desired data on dates with hail. The desired data were obtained for many of these stations, but this too was an extra, unplanned effort. Data Evaluation The stations with quality hail data for the 1901-1960 period, as determined in prior analyses, were identified and listed, and their monthly hail-day frequencies listed on data sheets. Based on these listings, substations with records covering the 1961-1994 period were selected. These historical data (plus first-order station data) for 1961-1994 were purchased from the Midwestern Climate Center in the form of hard copies and/or microfiche. Typically, for the various states, data were obtained for between 40 and 70 substation records and all first-order stations, ranging from 2 to 14 per state. Once obtained, the monthly hail- day values were extracted from the microfiche (or hard copies) for the 1961-1994 period and tabulated along with the 1901-1960 data. The data for the 1961-1994 period for each station were screened and the hail data evaluated according to a pre-developed 3-step technique (Changnon, 1967). The effort involved tabulation and then careful evaluation using the 3-step process of the historical records for 1,686 substation records. The periods of good hail data were entered on the standard data entry sheets for each station, forming a complete listing of the quality hail data for each station during the 1901-1994 period. After careful review of the tabulated data for many stations for the entire 1901-1994 period, and after measuring the considerable year-to-year variability in hail occurrences, it was decided to exclude substations from listing (and analysis) if they had less than 20 years of quality hail-day data during the 94-year period. More than 250 substations had shorter records of quality data such as 8, 13, or 17 years, but these were deemed too short for meaningful temporal analyses required in tasks 3 and 4. Furthermore, for substations with 20 years or more data of quality hail data, only periods with 5 years or longer with quality hail data were included. This decision was based on a temporal analysis of the data to define the interannual variability at many stations. Assessment of monthly and annual values for discrete periods of 1, 2, and 3 years in length often revealed considerable variability and values highly unrepresentative of others for stations with only a 20- to 30-year record of quality data. After completion of the evaluation process for all the 1961-1994 data, and after combining these records with the earlier quality data for 1901-1960 at each station, the resulting hail-day database was developed. It was composed of quality hail-day records of 20 years or more (with no period of good data shorter than 5 years) for 1,061 stations in 27 states. This total included 151 first-order stations and 910 substations. The names of each station and its period of quality record are shown in Appendix A. The density of stations is revealed on the U.S. map of average annual hail days (fig. 8). Table 1 presents a tabulation of the number of stations with quality data for the each of the 27 completed states. The number of stations is also presented according to record lengths sorted into 10-year intervals. Examination of the values reveals that 12 states had between 24 and 35 stations with good hail data, 7 states had 36 to 45 stations, and 8 others had between 46 and 60 stations with quality hail days data. The state average was 39 stations. The between-state differences in the number of stations with quality records largely related to how well the state section directors (who served during 1901-1955) and state climatologists (1956 and beyond) had worked with cooperative observers to encourage them to observe hail and other phenomena. Some states like Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas had numerous stations with short (less than 15 years) quality hail records, and this often reflected numerous changes in substation observers. Most states had between 5 and 15 stations with records 50 years or longer, and in all states, 30 percent of the quality stations had records of 50 years or longer, and half the stations had quality hail records longer than 40 years. All states except Texas had a few records that were 90 years or longer. The Texas substation data prior to 1919 was not available, and the Wyoming substation hail data prior to 1915 was not available. Hence, the longest lengths of records for these two states were slightly shorter than those in the other 25 states. In order to perform a nationwide analyses of hail-day trends, the data for several first-order stations in the 21 other states of the contiguous U.S. were acquired and assessed. The resulting 22 stations with long hail-day records for the 1896-1995 period are listed in Appendix B. Table 1. The number of stations in each state with quality hail records of 20 years or longer during the 1901-1995 period with the frequency of stations by 10-year periods. Number of stations for 10-year periods, years 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-95 total ______________________________________________________________________________ Colorado 14 5 8 3 1 1 1 2 35 Georgia 12 3 5 1 2 0 0 3 26 Idaho 29 10 4 4 2 2 0 2 53 Illinois 0 1 8 8 9 3 4 6 39 Indiana 4 10 4 1 3 1 0 4 27 Iowa 5 6 3 6 5 1 1 3 30 Kansas 2 5 5 4 4 2 1 4 27 Kentucky 14 4 5 4 1 0 1 1 30 Michigan 12 17 9 11 3 1 3 3 59 Minnesota 6 12 12 6 4 1 1 1 43 Missouri 21 9 8 6 2 0 0 4 50 Montana 15 10 14 7 2 0 1 3 52 Nebraska 11 12 5 3 3 3 1 5 43 New Mexico 4 9 7 3 0 1 0 1 25 North Carolina 20 11 5 6 3 1 0 5 51 North Dakota 10 7 10 1 2 0 0 3 33 Ohio 6 9 5 5 5 1 3 5 39 Oklahoma 8 7 6 1 0 0 1 1 24 Oregon 8 15 12 12 5 3 0 1 56 South Carolina 12 7 6 2 0 1 1 2 31 South Dakota 7 14 15 6 4 2 0 2 50 Tennessee 13 9 5 2 0 1 0 4 34 Texas 10 8 8 2 0 13 0 0 41 Virginia 21 5 12 2 0 1 0 3 44 Washington 9 12 9 2 1 3 0 2 38 Wisconsin 15 7 8 9 2 1 0 4 46 Wyoming 8 7 11 5 2 0 1 1 35 Totals 296 231 209 122 65 43 20 75 1,061 Data Digitization The monthly and annual values of hail days at all stations were digitized. The organization of the station data was by state, and station identification numbers employed are those used by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). The spread sheet for a station included the name and identification number, and the hail-day values listed for each month and year. However, data entered were only for those years with quality hail data during the 1901-1994 period. The state format for the data used is: a. station number, b. station name (stations in alphabetical order), c. state, d. list of good hail years with beginning and ending months (e.g., 1911/01-1995/12, or for substations with two or more periods (e.g., 1934/05-1965/12, and 1981/01- 1990/12), e. the array of annual and monthly values is as follows: *year (1901=01, 1994=94), *annual total hail days (36-3 or 57-0 for 1936 with 3 hail days or 1957 with none). Note: all zero annual values were entered. The crop-hail insurance data for each state were also digitized. These data were also organized on a state-by-state basis. For each year from 1948 to 1995, the annual values of loss cost ($) were entered for each state. The loss cost is an insurance industry measure calculated by dividing the annual losses ($) by the amount of liability ($) and multiplying by $100. This value normalizes the loss values for shifting liability and inflation, and hence, is useful in temporal analysis of crop-hail losses. RESEARCH Most research relating to the hail data began in year two and was task three of the project. It was focused on climatological interests, such as the long-term trends and fluctuations in the hail data, and on the applications of these data to address concerns about hail risk and long-term variability of hail. Long-term Fluctuations and Trends in Hail Days A pilot analysis of very long hail records at selected first-order stations was initiated in year one, representing the first phase of the temporal investigations slated for year 2. The 66 stations selected for analysis all had hail-day records in excess of 100 years and were found throughout the 48 states, not just the 27 target states. This analysis examined their temporal fluctuations. Analysis showed five distinctly different temporal distributions for 1896-1995. Regional and temporal statistical analyses of the data were performed. The 100- year trends of the 66 stations were determined and the types of trends formed distinct regions across the U.S., as shown in figure 1. The results of this study were summarized in a paper completed in January 1999 and submitted for publication in a scientific journal. This paper entitled "Long-term Fluctuations in Hail Incidences in the United States" was accepted for publication in the Journal of Climate. The results of this research were also presented in a paper given at the Annual Meeting of the American Meteorological Society in January 2000, and at an IPCC climate extremes meeting in Asheville in March 1999. Assessment of Hail Risk An important issue relating to hail is its risk of damage to crops and property. The availability of the two data sets, one on hail incidence and the other on crop-hail losses, allowed an assessment of hail risk. In addition, historical data on hailstone sizes were discovered and extracted, where available, from selected substation records during the 1920- 1950 period. These were carefully evaluated and those with quality data were used in the risk analysis. One analysis combined the average hail-day frequencies (at a point) with the average hailstone sizes (at the same point) to define point risk for property, and from these values developed patterns for the U.S. Various patterns of hail risk were developed in the project. This research led to preparation of a paper submitted to the Journal of Applied Meteorology. It was entitled "Data and Approaches for Determining Hail Risk in the Contiguous United States," and it was accepted for publication. Another hail hazard-related analysis was performed to prepare a paper for presentation at the Fall 1998 Meeting of the American Geophysical Union. It was entitled "Increased Hail Losses in the U.S.: Causes and Responses," and the paper was presented in December 1998. Relations Between Hail-Day Frequencies and Crop-Hail Loss A third and major area of research planned in this project involved assessment of the relationship of the two measures of hail with data available during 1948-1994: the crop-hail loss values and the hail-day values. If good statistical relationships were found for each state, the predictive equation would be used to estimate the earlier, 1901-1947 crop-hail loss cost values for each state. This would lead to the development of a 1901-1947 hail loss record and database that would cover the 1901-1994 period (task four). The initial phase of the analyses was based on prior research findings which had found, from studies of data in three states (Illinois, Nebraska, and Texas), that the extent of areas experiencing an extreme frequency (>10-year values) of hail days during the growing season related well with the crop-hail insurance industry's adjusted loss value or loss cost (Changnon and Changnon 1997). Therefore, for each of the 27 states, and the 1948-1994 period, an analysis was made to determine the areal extent in each year of 1) the above average hail-day values, 2) the once in 5-year values, and 3) once in 10-year values. The first step involved assessment of the crop insurance loss data for each of the 27 states to define those crops and regions of each state which experienced crop losses. This included definition of the crop seasons months for each state. The analysis to determine the crop risk seasons and crop risk areas of each state to include in the crop-hail loss comparative analysis was done in a two-step process using crop-hail insurance data for each state. First, the prime crops in each state, defined based on the amount of liability for the 1948-1994 period, were identified with those chosen representing more than 85% of the total liability for the state. These crops, usually 1 or 2 per state, were used to define the "seasons" for hail analysis. Prior research (Stout, 1967) using daily crop-hail loss data for 1957-1967, as derived from insurance records, had defined for each crop the "loss season" for each state. For example, in Texas the cotton season included losses from January through November, and the wheat season extended from April through July. Thus, for Texas, the combined hail loss season was all months except December. The hail-day frequencies compared with the Texas annual loss costs were for incidences during these 11 months of each year. The crop seasons selected in each state are listed in Appendix C. The other part of the crop-hail analysis used county levels of crop liability for the 1948-1994 period to define those major areas of each state where there was relatively little insurance coverage due to the lack of crops. In these areas, the occurrence of hail would have little effect on the state's losses. If the low liability counties were scattered across the state, all stations were included in the analysis. However, stations with quality hail-day data in large areas with low liability, were excluded from use in the comparative analysis. For example, in Texas there were nine stations in southern Texas not used in the study because they were located well beyond the crop growth (cotton and wheat) areas where most crop- hail damage occurred. The names of the stations in each state eliminated from the crop-hail analysis are listed in Appendix C. For each cooperative substation and FOS (and for their total period with quality records), the 1) average value, 2) once in 5-year value, and 3) once in 10-year value were calculated. This was done based on the hail day values during the growing "crop" season periods, as defined from insurance loss records for each state (Appendix C). As noted above, stations which were not located in crop growth areas of each state were excluded from this analysis. A hail-day data set was created for each state from these individual station determinations (for each year). This data showed for each substation and FOS, the years when the average was matched or exceeded, when the 5-year value was matched or exceeded, and when the 10-year value was matched or exceeded. Using this data set, the stations per year meeting the three criteria were counted, and these three annual values were each expressed as a percent of the total number of stations in each year with quality data, a number which also had to be calculated. For each state, three new data sets were created, one showing for each year the percent of the state with average or higher hail-day values, the percent of the state area with 5-year or greater values, and the percent of the state area with 10-year or greater hail values. Then for each state, a correlation analyses was performed, comparing for the 1948-1994 period, the annual loss cost values with the average, 5-year, and 10-year hail-day areal percentage values. A relationship equation was also calculated for each of the three comparisons per state. The results showed correlation coefficients ranging from a high of +0.7 in High Plains states, to lows of only +0.1 in many states in the Southeast and Pacific Northwest. The 10- year values performed best with higher correlation coefficients than obtained with the 5-year or average hail areas. Since the earlier analysis of three states had found the 10-year values gave good results, we assessed why the 10-year values for many states did not relate well to loss costs. A problem with defining the 10-year or greater values existed at the stations with shorter records, typically found to be 40 years or less. At these stations, the once in 10-year values were infrequent (i.e., 4 values in 40 years), and the 10-year values often were identical to the 5-year values since the distribution of the highest values often showed too little difference, particularly in states with low average hail incidence. For example, at Lewisburg, TN, a station with 40 years of quality hail data, the growing season values ranked from the highest downwards were 6 hail days (in one year), 4 days, 3 days, 2 days (the 10- year value), 2 days, 2 days, 2 days, 2 days, (the 5-year value), 2 days, etc. Such distributions made the assessment of the 10-year values and their areas ambiguous in states with relatively low hail-day frequencies. Hence, other expressions of hail days were tested for their relationship with the loss cost values. A means of combining the hail-day values with insurance-based average loss parameters, to develop a form of "risk index," was investigated. Prior research of crop-hail insurance loss data had defined, for each month when crop losses occurred, an average loss cost value, labeled as a "seasonal intensity index" (Stout 1967). It was decided to calculate an "intensity value" based on the indices of each state's two prime crops experiencing hail loss. Examples for three states tested appear in table 2. The monthly intensity values shown for Illinois were based on the state's corn and soybean indices, those for Nebraska were based on corn and wheat indices, and those for North Carolina were based only on the state's monthly tobacco intensity indices. A list of the indices developed and later used in the analysis for all 27 states appears in Appendix D. This intensity-incidence based approach was tested initially using the data for Illinois, Nebraska, and North Carolina, three states with different hail climates and crops. First, the three sets of values already derived (areas meeting or exceeding average values, areas meeting or exceeding the 5-year values, and the areas with hail equaling or exceeding the 10- year values), were tested by modifying each monthly value with these intensity values. A new set of annual values were derived to compare with the loss costs. However, the results did not show markedly better relationships than already existed. Table 2. Monthly hail intensity indices based on two primary hail loss crops in each state. April May June July August September October Illinois 0 1 5 9.5 3.5 2 1 Nebraska 1.5 21.5 52.5 62 15.5 1.5 0 North Carolina 1 7 15 20 10 1 1 ________________________________________________________________________ An ensuing analysis involved assessment of the growing season frequencies of hail days per month coupled with the monthly crop intensity indices, as shown in table 2. For a given station, the hail-day values of each month in a year were multiplied by the intensity index appropriate for that month. Then, these modified monthly values were summed for the year to derive a new annual value for the station. For example, at a given Illinois station, the June 1948 value was 2 hail days and this was multiplied by 5 (see table 2), and with no other hail days in 1948, the resulting 1948 "intensity weighted hail value" was 10 at this station. This process was repeated for each year at each station. In a given year, the values of all stations in a state were then summed. These were then divided by the number of stations with good data to obtain a statewide "annual average hail-weighted value" for the year. This new set of annual values was then correlated with the annual loss cost values. The resulting correlation coefficients were generally higher than those achieved with the average, 5-year, or 10-year area values. Table 3 shows the equations, correlation coefficients, and a standard error of estimate obtained for each state using the intensity weighted values. The hail-weighted versus loss cost correlation coefficients are also plotted on figure 2. The coefficients for the states in the Rockies, High Plains, and Midwest all exceeded +0.6, and many are >+0.7 revealing that the hail-weighted values explained more than 50 percent of the variability in loss costs. Correlation coefficients in the Pacific Northwest and the Southeast were much lower, ranging from +0.2 to +0.47. Plots of the annual hail intensity and the loss cost values for the 1948-1994 period for selected states appear in figures 3 and 4. Colorado with a high correlation (+0.80) reveals a narrow distribution of values along the line of best fit (fig.3), and the Kansas data points show somewhat less agreement as would be expected from a slightly lesser correlation (+0.65). Georgia data with a low correlation (+0.30) shows considerable scatter of the annual values (fig. 4), as do the Washington values (fig. 4). Coefficients of less than +0.5 were deemed too low to predict meaningful historical (1901-1947) loss cost values using the equations shown in table 3. Notably, these were states where the average hail incidence is low, and where the areal extent and level of insurance coverage is much less than in the states of the High Plains and Midwest (Changnon, 1972). These factors explain the poorer relationship between the weighted hail- day incidences and crop losses. For the states with coefficients >+0.6, predictions of the loss costs for the 1901-1947 period were made. These estimated values for 1901-1947 (1919-1947 in Texas and Wyoming) were then combined with the 1948-1994 values to create a database of loss costs for 1901-1994 for these 17 states. Figures 5-7 display curves for selected states based on 1) the intensity weighted hail- day values for each year in the 1901-1994 period (lower graph), and 2) the 1901-1994 loss costs values (upper graph). Comparison of the weighted hail index values for the 1901-1947 period with those for 1948-1997 period revealed three outcomes: 1) some states had greater early period variability, 2) some had greater late period variability, and 3) some showed no early versus late differences in variability. Interestingly the states in these classes formed regional groups. States in the central southern plains (CO, KS, NM, OK, and TX) had greater late period variability (see fig. 5, Colorado). Weighted hail day values for states in the northern plains and in the southeast showed no early versus late period difference, as illustrated by the Nebraska data curves (fig. 6). Loss costs in the Midwest showed more early period variability than later, as illustrated by the Ohio data curve (fig. 7). Figures 5-7 also display the estimated loss costs for the 1901-1947 period. These follow the hail curves well, as expected. Table 3. The relationship of the weighted hail-day values in the growing season with the loss cost values in each state for the 1948-1994 period. Correlation Standard State coefficient Error Equation for predicted loss cost Colorado +0.80 2.266 3.0568 + 0.0128X Georgia +0.30 1.018 2.6622 + 0.0344X Idaho +0.79 0.682 0.4928 + 0.0552X Illinois +0.76 0.390 0.0409 + 0.1608X Indiana +0.72 0.305 0.3095 + 0.0648X Iowa +0.69 0.857 -0.1398 + 0.1302X Kansas +0.65 1.205 1.1789 + 0.0437X Kentucky +0.64 1.146 2.5603 + 0.0437X Michigan +0.54 0.638 0.4299 + 0.0792X Minnesota +0.74 1.075 0.6305 + 0.0566X Missouri +0.74 0.448 0.8084 + 0.0331X Montana +0.61 1.856 2.2228 + 0.0269X Nebraska +0.65 1.211 0.4975 + 0.0330X New Mexico +0.75 2.184 1.8620 + 0.0199X North Carolina +0.39 1.017 2.6663 + 0.0108X North Dakota +0.72 1.328 1.1344 + 0.0199X Ohio +0.58 0.501 -0.0282 + 0.1992X Oklahoma +0.73 1.932 1.4103 + 0.0253X Oregon +0.18 0.650 0.4679 + 0.0173X South Carolina +0.18 2.013 2.9659 + 0.0605X South Dakota +0.66 1.333 2.1963 + 0.0243X Tennessee +0.24 0.8139 1.6368 + 0.0316X Texas +0.86 1.117 2.5637 + 0.0138X Virginia +0.57 1.292 2.1611 + 0.1200X Washington +0.46 0.481 0.5241 + 0.0240X Wisconsin +0.70 0.796 -0.0657 + 0.1089X Wyoming +0.76 2.789 -1.0534 + 0.0167X Since 10 of the 27 states had weak hail-loss cost relationships and meaningful estimates of the 1901-1947 loss costs could not be made, it was decided to not create a 1901- 1994 hail loss cost database for the 27 states, as had been planned (task four). A scientific paper summarizing this research was prepared and submitted to the Journal of Applied Meteorology. Temporal Distributions and Spatial Patterns of Hail Days Average Spatial Patterns. One of the research objectives was to assess the temporal trends and the average and extreme hail patterns based on the hail-day data for 1901-1994 in each state, and then to develop national patterns. Patterns of the average annual, monthly, and seasonal (spring, summer, and fall) values using hail-day data were plotted for each state. This was done as part of the final evaluation of each station's values. National maps (Figures 8-11) of the average annual and seasonal hail-day patterns for the 1901-1994 period were prepared. For the 21 states which were not involved in this loss-focused investigation, available data from the existing first-order stations in these states were used to define the pattern in these areas of low hail loss. Inspection of the average patterns reveals that in the 27 states where numerous stations provided data, considerably more spatial variability was defined than in the 21 states where only a few FOS existed to define the average patterns. This difference clearly illustrates the value of having long-term records of hail across small areas and the immense value of the substation data. The annual average pattern (Figure 8) reveals a major high along the Pacific Northwest Coast, and a series of mountain area highs extending southward from the Montana-Idaho area through Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico. The central and southern High Plains area also has high hail frequencies with point averages of 3 to4 hail days. Hail incidence decreases rapidly away from this mountain-High Plains high incidence region. Areas of least hail frequency in the U.S., defined as less than one hail day per year at a point, are in the southwest, along the nation's extreme south, and along the East Coast. These areas have low hail frequencies in all seasons. The average spring season pattern (Figure 9) displays highs along the Pacific Northwest Coast, scattered high incidence areas in the northern and central Rockies, and west-east oriented zones of high incidence (values >1.5 hail days) in Texas-Oklahoma- Kansas-Missouri-Illinois area, and across Nebraska and Iowa. Minor highs are also found in the Appalachian Mountains. In the summer (June-August), the peaks of average hail activity are constrained to the Rocky Mountains with some moderate incidence areas extending eastward from the mountain high incidence areas into Kansas and Nebraska (fig. 10). Hail incidence elsewhere in the nation averages fewer than one hail day per summer. Hail in the summer months is exceptionally infrequent along the West Coast, southern Texas, and Florida where point averages are <0.1 hail day (less than 1 hail day per 10 years). The fall (September-November) season average hail-day pattern reveals hail is an infrequent event, averaging less than 0.5 hail days at most points in the nation. Large areas average less than 0.1 day per year (fig. 11). The prime area of hail activity is in the lee of the Great Lakes where the warm lake waters act to enhance convection sufficiently to cause one or more hail days each fall in areas south of Lake Superior and east of Lake Michigan. Portions of the Pacific Northwest Coast also experience 1 to 2 days with hail each fall. Trends and Fluctuations in State Hail Days. Study of historical hail-day fluctuations in each state required development of special state databases. All annual hail- day values for each year from all substations and FOS with good data in that year were combined to calculate a statewide mean hail-day value for each year for 1901 to 1994. Trends based on individual FOS and a few long-term substations in each state were also examined to determine if there were sizable regional differences in a state. The most major in-state difference found was in Texas where up trends existed in the northwest and down trends in the south. Figure 12 presents the Colorado annual average hail-day distribution for the 1901- 1994 period. It reveals an increase in hail activity, particularly since the 1930s. This type of time distribution was typical of those found in Wyoming, the Dakotas, Nebraska, and Kansas. Figure 13 depicts the distribution for Iowa, also showing a general increase with time. Both states have a few years with extremely large numbers of hail days; note the high values for 1946 and 1978 in Iowa. States farther east in the Midwest showed opposite trends with hail days decreasing with time. The graphs for Illinois and Ohio (Figures 14 and 15) depict the downward trends found in the Midwest. The decreases became pronounced after 1960. Hail incidence in the southern plains did not show increases like those found in states farther north in the central and northern plains. Figures 16 and 17 depict the hail-day distributions for Oklahoma and New Mexico, both with little evidence of major upward or downward trends with time. All states in the southeastern United States had distributions showing decreasing hail days with time. The Georgia curve (fig. 18) illustrates these distributions. There is a slow but general decrease in hail since about 1930. Hail in the two states of the Pacific Northwest had essentially flat trends after early peaks. Figure 19 for Oregon shows wide fluctuations but no distinct long-term trend. Early values were quite high and recent (1990s) values have been quite low. Hail occurrences in the northern mountain states, Idaho and Montana, show decreases with time. Figure 20 for Montana illustrates this with decreases beginning during the 1960s. DISTRIBUTION OF RESULTS AND DATABASES Task five of this project involved data archival and distribution of the data sets. Three databases were entered in a CD-ROM. This included the hail-day data set for the 27 states (Appendix A), the crop-hail loss cost data set for 1948-1994, and the "other" first- order station hail data from 22 stations located in 21 other states (Appendix B). CD-ROMs containing these data sets were sent to the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), the six regional climate centers, the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), National Crop Insurance Services, the Institute for Business and Home Safety, and the Natural Hazards Research and Applications Center at the University of Colorado. Announcements about the hail databases were also sent to these agencies and to selected publications. Further information about the database availability and the research conducted with the data was presented in the form of scientific papers and talks at conferences. At the end of this project two scientific papers had been finished and accepted for publication in scientific journals, and two more were completed and submitted for consideration. A paper based on the 100-year hail study was presented at the Conference on Applied Meteorology of the American Meteorological Society in January 1999. A second analysis investigating the trends in the insurance hail loss data and the responses of the insurance industry to major recent increases in losses was presented as a paper at the Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union in December 1998. A paper based on the hail risk results will be presented at the AMS Annual Meeting in January 2000. One of the hail risk maps developed from the project's databases is shown in figure 21. Copies of this final report to NOAA were also sent to the six regional climate centers and numerous others interested in hail. At the time this project was ending, discussions involving staffs of the Midwestern Climate Center and NCDC were in progress relating to the possible development of a "National Hail Atlas". If developed, this atlas would heavily utilize the data derived from this project. PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND STAFFING Project operations involved considerable communication between PI Stanley Changnon and Dr. David Changnon since both were extensively involved in the data evaluation and the research. Numerous telephone calls were conducted, an average of three per week, and several visits were conducted to transfer station records, to exchange data, to discuss analyses, and to plan for digitizing the records. Copies of all completed standard data entry sheets were made for all states and kept at both work locations. The PI supervised all aspects of the work, ordered and obtained all data, and directed and performed portions of the hail data evaluation. Dr. Changnon also helped handle data evaluation and supervised a major portion of the data extraction and tabulation effort. Two persons were involved in data extraction, tabulation, and digitization. A programming expert helped with the research studies and especially the complex and extensive analysis of the relationships between hail days and loss costs. SUMMARY At the end of year one, the project was on schedule even with after extra data acquisition and evaluation efforts. The desired historical hail-day data were acquired and tabulated for all 27 states. The data for all 27 states, more than 1,500 substations, were then subjected to a complex 3-stage evaluation algorithm, and all the quality hail-day data were identified for the 1901-1994 period. All available first-order station data desired were acquired and tabulated for all 48 states. The resulting analysis revealed there were 1,061 stations with quality hail day data, an average of 39 stations per state. These data were digitized and used in various studies launched in late year one and completed during year two. The crop-hail loss insurance data for the 1948-1994 period for each of the 27 states was acquired and digitized. Year two was devoted to research, further station data testing, and preparation of the digital databases. The final hail databases were distributed to climate centers, the insurance industry, and others interested in hail. The various analysis of the data led to the preparation of four scientific papers, and three talks prepared and presented at three national conferences (AMS annual meetings in 1999 and 2000, and AGU Fall 1998 Meeting). Announcement of the hail databases were submitted to scientific and trade journals. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Several institutions and individuals contributed significantly to the success of this project. First, we wish to thank the National Crop Insurance Services (NCIS) for contributing the national-state crop-hail data for 1948-1994 at no cost. Ken Kunkel and others at the Midwestern Climate Center assisted with providing major quantities of historical substation data. Tom Ross of NCDC was helpful in providing advice about the advisability of hard-to-locate records. Susan Changnon did much of data extraction-tabulation required, an effort involving a major commitment to careful examination of thousands of often difficult to read station records. Carl Lonnquist used his statistical and programming skills to facilitate the difficult tasks of comparing the various expressions of the hail-day data with the crop-hail loss values. Robert Scott aided in phases of the data extraction and analysis. REFERENCES Changnon, S.A., 1967: Method for Evaluating Substation Records of Hail and Thunder. Monthly Weather Review, 95, 209-212. Changnon, S.A., 1972: Examples of economic losses from hail in the United States. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 11, 1128-1137. Changnon, D., and S.A. Changnon, 1997: Surrogate Data to Estimate Crop-Hail Losses. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 36, 1202-1210. Stout, G.E., 1967: Seasonal and Regional Hail Indices. Research Report 36, Crop-Hail Insurance Actuarial Association, Chicago, IL, 17pp. APPENDIX A STATE RECORDS OF QUALITY HAIL DAYS FOR FIRST-ORDER STATIONS AND COOPERATIVE SUBSTATIONS DURING 1901-1995 COLORADO RECORDS First-order Stations Alamosa 23061 - 1945-1995 Colorado Springs 93037- 1951-1995 Denver 23062- 1901-1995 Grand Junction 23066- 1901-1995 Pueblo 93058 - 1909-78, 1984-1995 Cooperative Substations Ayer Ranch 050437: 1944-1969 Boulder 0500848: 1901-1909, 1938-1979, 1989-1994 Byers 051179: 1931-1945, 1956-1980, 1987-1994 Canon City 051294: 1927-1949 Chessman 051528: 1903-1911, 1925-1934, 1942-1966 Colorado Springs 051776: 1902-1915, 1939-1945 Craig 051928: 1949-1960, 1963-1974, 1978-1994 Del Norte 052184: 1927-1994 Doherty Ranch 052312: 1949-1953, 1957-1979 Durango 052432: 1946-1970 Eads 052440: 1949-1969 Flagler 052932: 1954-1963 Forder 052997: 1945-1974 Ft. Collins 053005: 1933-1952, 1979-1994 Grover 053643: 1925-1929, 1949-1956, 1962-1970 Hawthorne 053850: 1934-1939, 1944-1954, 1962-1970 Idalia 054242: 1944-1954, 1961-1969 Kaufman 054460: 1946-1971, 1978-1986 Lamar 054770: 1901-1912, 1957-1977, 1988-1994 Le Roy 054945: 1901-1939, 1956-1967, 1972-1994 Limon 055015: 1935-1954 Otis 056192: 1942-1981 Parker 056326: 1922-1926, 1931-1954 Rocky Ford 057167: 1933-1943, 1947-1982, 1986-1994 Saguache 057337: 1909-1923, 1946-1951 Springfield 057862: 1941-1951, 1956-1979 Sterling 057950: 1912-1926, 1955-1962, 1974-1994 Trinidad 058429: 1910-1922, 1939-1948 Walsenberg 058781: 1935-1947, 1956-1994 Wray 059243: 1901-1910, 1925-1929, 1955-1982, 1989-1994 GEORGIA First-order Stations Athens 13873- 1950-1995 Atlanta 13874- 1901-1996 Augusta 03820- 1901-1995 Columbus 93842- 1947-1995 Macon 03813- 1901-1995 Rome 93801- 1949-1970 Savannah 13822- 1901-1996 Cooperative Substations Albany 090140: 1901-1960 Americus 090253: 1903-1917, 1937-1949 Blakely 090979: 1915-1969, 1977-1981 Brooklet 091266: 1930-1949 Clayton 091982: 1901-1920 Cornelia 092283: 1920-1935, 1947-1957 Dahlonega 092475: 1901-1948 Dublin 092839: 1912-1940 Eastman 092966: 1914-1925, 1957-1965, 1975-1979 Fitzgerald 093386: 1952-1977 Gainesville 093621: 1902-1928, 1949-1964 Glennville 093754: 1916-1969 Hartwell 094133: 1917-1924, 1949-1988 Louisville 095314: 1930-1934, 1949-1967 Milledgeville 095874: 1901-1913, 1974-1981 Newnan 096335: 1901-1914, 1945-1950 Thomasville 098666: 1901-1932, 1943-1947 Toccoa 098740: 1915-1940 Washington 099157: 1903-1914, 1925-1940 IDAHO First-order Stations Boise 24131 - 1901-1995 Lewiston 24149- 1901-1930, 1951-1995 Pocatello 24156 - 1901-1995 Cooperative Substations American Falls 100227: 1934-1953 Anderson Dam 100282: 1942-1972 Ashton 100470: 1902-1921 Atlanta 100491: 1923-1927, 1949-1975 Avery 100528: 1949-1967, 1970-1978 Blackfoot 100915: 1901-1906, 1941-1957 Bliss 101002: 1921-1980, 1990-1994 Buhl 101217: 1935-1945, 1956-1964 Burke 101272: 1946-1967 Caldwell 101380: 1937-1967, 1976-1994 Cascade 101514: 1942-1979 Challis 101663: 1915-1919, 1942-1959 Chilly Benton Flat 101671: 1949-1968 Coeur d'Alene 101956: 1921-1932, 1941-1963, 1972-1984 Deadwood Dam 102385: 1936-1946, 1954-1974 Dubois Experiment Station 102707: 1931-1950, 1961-1972, 1975-1994 Elk City 102875: 1951-1985 Elk River 102892: 1952-1972 Fairfield 103108: 1952-1973, 1979-1983 Glenns Ferry 103631: 1941-1961 Grace 103732: 1907-1917, 1921-1936 Grangeville 103780: 1923-1927, 1940-1944, 1956-1976, 1981-1986, 1990-1994 Grays Lake 103825: 1925-1936, 1941-1949 Hamer 103964: 1950-1965, 1971-1983 Idaho City 104442: 1922-1932, 1942-1958 Idaho Falls 104457: 1911-1947, 1951-1965 Island Park Dam 104598: 1937-1962 Jerome 104670: 1951-1974 Kuna 105038: 1908-1947, 1957-1978 Mackay 105462: 1938-1959 Meridian 105841: 1911-1926, 1941-1945 Moscow 106152: 1910-1927, 1932-1936 New Meadows 106388: 1903-1910, 1913-1927 Oakley 106542: 1925-1933, 1940-1953 Obsidian 106553: 1931-1951 Ola 106590: 1901-1905, 1921-1927, 1940-1952 Orofino 106681: 1904-1911, 1921-1927, 1941-1950 Payette 106891: 1907-1923, 1932-1938, 1953-1970 Pierce 107046: 1942-1984 Preston 107353: 1941-1968, 1980-1986 Priest River 107386: 1912-1971, 1974-1982, 1989-1994 Sand Point 108137: 1921-1970, 1979-1983 Sheep Hill 108250: 1916-1953, 1957-1963 Shoshone 108380: 1922-1943, 1949-1955 Sugar City 108818: 1908-1918, 1949-1967 Sun Valley 108906: 1940-1949, 1957-1970 Three Creek 109119: 1945-1951, 1956-1970, 1977-1984 Twin Falls 2NNE 109294: 1918-1935, 1941-1961 Twin Falls Sugar Factory 109299: 1945-1966 Wallace 109493: 1915-1932, 1941-1961 ILLINOIS First-order stations Cairo 93809- 1903-1965 Chicago 14819- 1901-1995 Moline 14923- 1901-1995 Peoria 14847- 1905-1995 Rockford 94822- 1911-1995 Springfield 93822- 1901-1995 Cooperative Substations Aledo 110072: 1904-1916, 1937-1963, 1980-1994 Albion 110055: 1950-1994 Anna 110187: 1916-1925, 1946-1994 Antioch 110203: 1903-1920, 1941-1992 Aurora 110338: 1902-1940, 1951-1967, 1971-1991 Barry 110445: 1940-1979 Bloomington 110761: 1932-1937, 1945-1994 Bluffs 110781: 1942-1986 Carlinville 111280: 1951-1994 Chenoa 111475: 1951-1994 Edwardsville 112679: 1926-1987 Effingham 112687: 1911-1920, 1951-1994 Fairfield 112931: 1951-1994 Freeport 113262: 1909-1914, 1931-1988 Galena 113312: 1928-1994 Galesburg 113320: 1927-1994 Hoopeston 114198: 1904-1918,1951-1994 Jacksonville 114442: 1901-1973, 1981-1994 Jerseyville 114489: 1948-1994 Kankakee 114603: 1923-1937, 1942-1972, 1980-1994 Kewanee 1147710: 1939-1985 Macomb 115280: 1941-1987 Marion 115342: 1901-1994 Minonk 115712: 1903-1913, 1950-1994 Morrison 115833: 1901-1921, 1927-1980 Ottawa 116526: 1925-1994 Palestine 116558: 1907-1922, 1933-1985 Pana 116579: 1904-1911, 1934-1940, 1950-1994 Paris 115380: 1940-1974, 1981-1994 Quincy 117082: 1912-1992 Sparta 118147: 1901-1990 Urbana 118740: 1903-1943, 1948-1994 Waukegan 119029: 1924-1976 INDIANA First-Order Stations Evansville 93817- 1901-1995 Ft. Wayne 14827 - 1902-1995 Indianapolis 93819- 1901-1995 South Bend 14848- 1901-1995 Terre Haute 128725- 1912-1958 Cooperative Substations Anderson 120177: 1901-1911, 1917-1925, 1960-1974 Angola 120200: 1901-1905, 1925-1943, 1961-1969 Berne 120676: 1911-1962, 1967-1973, 1977-1982 Bloomington 120784: 1908-1914, 1923-1932, 1960-1966 Columbia City 121739: 1922-1937, 1963-1985 Delphi 122149: 1901-1916, 1952-1956, 1958-1969 Frankfort 123082: 1917-1921, 1960-1994 Greencastle 123513: 1901-1906, 1928-1943, 1945-1953, 1955-1985,1989-1994 Greensburg 123547: 1934-1950, 1960-1980 Hobart 124008: 1927-1934, 1959-1970, 1980-1994 Jeffersonville 124382: 1901-1930, 1933-1940 Marion 125337: 1901-1932, 1941-1951, 1978-1989 Mt. Vernon 126001: 1901-1912, 1955-1970, 1984-1990 Muncie 126018: 1922-1937, 1953-1957, 1961-1967 North Vernon 126435: 1901-1953, 1967-1981 Paoli 126705: 1901-1910, 1925-1932, 1961-1967, 1971-1975 Plymouth 126989: 1921-1937, 1953-1965 Richmond 127362: 1904-1909, 1920-1925, 1951-1965 Rockville 127522: 1912-1960, 1963-1994 Salamonia 127747: 1934-1965 Salem 127755: 1901-1912, 1952-1974, 1978-1994 Valpariso 128999: 1915-1939 IOWA First-order Stations Des Moines 14933- 1901-1995 Dubuque 94908- 1901-1970, 1984-1995 (no data for 1971-1983) Sioux City 14943- 1901-1995 Cooperative Substations Allison 130157: 1914-1933, 1973-1979 Belle Plaine 130600: 1921-1985 Blockton 130745: 1959-1994 Boone 130807: 1905-1911, 1915-1924, 1928-1940, 1942-1966, 1971-1978 Cascade 131257: 1949-1969, 1975-1994 Cedar Rapids 131319: 1947-1965, 1970-1988 Clarinda 131533: 1901-1923, 1935-1944, 1957-1964, 1976-1994 Clinton 131635: 1901-1957, 1961-1994 Columbus Junction 131731: 1901-1922, 1927-1940, 1959-1978, 1981-1994 Ft.Dodge 132999: 1943-1950, 1953-1972, 1975-1980, 1987-1993 Hampton 133584: 1947-1963, 1978-1990 Harlan 133632: 1901-1907, 1911-1916, 1952-1994 Lake Mills 134557: 1974-1994 Lorimar 134926: 1959-1969, 1975-1986, 1990-1994 Mapleton 135123: 1938-1944, 1950-1962 Maquoketa 2NE 135131: 1937-1941, 1949-1956, 1959-1978 Mason City 135230: 1918-1971 Muscatine 135837: 1947-1979 Onawa 136243: 1901-1909, 1928-1941, 1943-1976 Oskaloosa 136327: 1901-1938, 1941-1972 Pella 136527: 1909-1924, 1960-1966, 1977-1992 Red Oak 136940: 1901-1905, 1943-1955, 1959-1967, 1970-1994 Rock Rapids 137174: 1918-1967, 1980-1986 Sanborn 137386: 1914-1979 Sibley 137664: 1901-1909, 1935-1970, 1982-1994 Swea City 138026: 1955-1964, 1979-1994 Tripoli 138339: 1949-1957, 1960-1981, 1984-1992 KANSAS First-order Stations Concordia 13984- 1901-1995 Dodge City 13985- 1901-1995 Goodland 23065- 1951-1995 Topeka 13996- 1901-1995 Wichita 13928- 1901-1995 Cooperative Substations Attica 140431: 1948-1972 Bison 140865: 1923-1984 Clifton 141593: 1932-1947, 1951-1994 Colby 141699: 1901-1909, 1912-1929, 1938-1981 Columbus 141740: 1901-1980 Densmore 142086: 1909-1919, 1952-1984 Ellsworth 142459: 1937-1951, 1966-1985 Esbon 142592: 1960-1990 Florence 142773: 1927-1964 Fowler 142855: 1948-1965, 1969-1974 Healy 143554: 1901-1935, 1942-1977 Hoxie 143837: 1921-1932, 1941-1966, 1976-1990 Imperial 143946: 1941-1967, 1970-1975 Johnson 144109: 1947-1980 Leoti 144665: 1919-1967, 1972-1979, 1989-1994 Oberlin 145906: 1920-1965, 1975-1980 Ottawa 146128: 1943-1972, 1981-1994 Overbrook 146154: 1928-1972, 1982-1994 Plainville 146435: 1927-1954, 1963-1972, 1976-1982, 1987-1994 Parsons 146242: 1925-1972 St. Francis 147093: 1911-1915, 1941-1972 Ulysses 148287: 1901-1914, 1926-1932, 1941-1968, 1970-1991 KENTUCKY First-order Stations Lexington 93820- 1901-1995 Louisville 13810- 1911-1995 Cooperative Substations Alpha 150100: 1901-1920 Beaver Dam 150490: 1904-1911, 1938-1949, 1984-1989 Benham 150595: 1945-1964 Berea Colleg 150619: 1901-1909, 1931-1939, 1941-1954, 1973-1983 Blandville 150659: 1901-1928 Danville 152040: 1937-1964, 1978-1987 Earlington 152407: 1901-1933, 1940-1948 Frankfort 153028: 1910-1920, 1934-1946 Greensburg 153430: 1901-1942, 1980-1989 Heidelberg 153741: 1906-1919, 1924-1933 Henderson 153762: 1936-1987 Hopkinsville 153994: 1917-1937 Irvington 154165: 1901-1938, 1942-1951 Leitchfield 154703: 1903-1922, 1927-1944 Lovelaceville 154967: 1928-1980, 1984-1994 Maysville 155243: 1903-1917, 1941-1949 Murray 155694: 1948-1994 Owensboro 156091: 1901-1907, 1944-1989 Paducah 156115: 1902-1909, 1941-1955 Pikeville 156353: 1946-1973 Princeton 156575: 1920-1939 Richmond 156805: 1949-1976 St. John 157091: 1901-1942 Scott 157210: 1901-1929 Shelbyville 157324: 1902-1919, 1939-1956, 1978-1989 Taylorsville 157948: 1902-1931 Williamsburg 158706: 1902-1923 Williamstown 158714: 1911-1930 MICHIGAN First-order Stations Alpena 94849- 1901-1995 Detroit 14853- 1901-1995 Escanaba 14824- 1901-1930 Grand Rapids 14830- 1904-1970 Lansing 14836- 1911-1995 Marquette 14851- 1901-1970, 1979-1995 Muskegon 14840- 1941-1995 Sault Ste. Marie 14847- 1901-1995 Cooperative Substations Adrian 200032: 1950-1978 Allegan 200128: 1929-1935, 1954-1980 Ann Arbor 200230: 1902-1953, 1963-1994 Bay City 200568: 1928-1935, 1950-1965 Bergland 200718: 1942-1955, 1960-1994 Big Rapids 200779: 1928-1938, 1947-1994 Bloomingdale 200864: 1904-1918, 1925-1945, 1954-1965, 1974-1980 Cadillac 201176: 1939-1948, 1955-1977 Calumet 201213: 1901-1921 Caro 201299: 1952-1977, 1985-1994 Charlotte 201476: 1928-1941, 1965-1983 Chatham 201484: 1901-1905, 1949-1971 Cheboygan 201492: 1901-1921 Coldwater 201675: 1944-1983, 1987-1989 Dowagiac 202248: 1944-1963, 1988-1994 Eagle Harbor 202332: 1950-1969 Eau Claire 202445: 1952-1964, 1974-1994 Flint 202846: 1903-1909, 1929-1936, 1942-1946, 1956-1965 Frankfort 202984: 1942-1979 Gaylord 203096: 1957-1994 Grand Haven 203290: 1901-1909, 1911-1929, 1934-1943, 1947-1994 Grand Marais 203319: 1901-1940, 1960-1971 Grayling 203391: 1946-1971 Harbor Beach 203585: 1940-1945, 1948-1969, 1985-1989 Harrisville 203624: 1924-1945, 1949-1977 Hastings 203661: 1932-1980 Higgins Lake 203785: 1916-1922, 1930-1946 Hillsdale 203823: 1943-1975 Holland 203858: 1948-1989 Houghton 203931: 1901-1940 Houghton Lake 203932: 1931-1945, 1949-1964 Iron Mountain 204090: 1929-1935, 1943-1994 Ironwood 204104: 1946-1989 Ishpeming 204127: 1914-1944, 1958-1979 Kalamazoo 204244: 1944-1980 Ludington 204954: 1913-1928, 1933-1937, 1949-1982 Mackinaw City 205000: 1928-1936, 1948-1971 Manistee 205065: 1939-1945, 1950-1959, 1963-1979 Mio 205531: 1901-1906, 1949-1975 Monroe 205558: 1916-1920, 1931-1969 Munising 205690: 1911-1963 Newberry 205816: 1913-1930, 1939-1968, 1972-1979 Newaygo 205803: 1931-1937, 1951-1969 Pontiac 206658: 1948-1975 Port Huron 206680: 1901-1929, 1948-1960, 1963-1981 Rock 207068: 1946-1976 Saginaw 207227: 1901-1910, 1915-1925, 1955-1980 Sandusky 207350: 1949-1983 Stambaugh 207812: 1904-1923, 1943-1971, 1974-1986 Vanderbilt 208417: 1913-1922, 1950-1955, 1960-1969 Wellston Dam 208772: 1926-1930, 1938-1942, 1949-1958, 1963-1975 MINNESOTA First-order Stations Duluth 14913- 1949-1995 Minneapolis 13922- 1901-1995 Rochester 14925- 1951-1995 Cooperative Substations Albert Lea 210075:1945-1949, 1956-1994 Angus 210195: 1908-1929, 1942-1949, 1954-1975 Artichoke Lake 210287: 1917-1928, 1948-1969, 1973-1991 Austin 210355: 1944-1975 Babbitt 210390: 1953-1985 Beardsley 210541: 1934-1973 Bird Island 210783: 1905-1918, 1930-1970 Caledonia 211430; 1961-1992 Chaska 211465: 1950-1970, 1982-1994 Collegeville 211691: 1901-1939, 1945-1994 Dawson 212038: 1948-1980 Detroit Lake 212142: 1901-1910, 1916-1930, 1944-1950 Fairmont 212698: 1908-1917, 1930-1937, 1945-1994 Farmington 212737: 1901-1918, 1959-1994 Fergus Falls 212768: 1901-1915, 1937-1944, 1953-1975 Glenwood 213174: 1949-1980 Gull Lake Dam 213411: 1912-1974 Hallock 213455: 1902-1912, 1963-1979 Itasca S.P. 214106: 1961-1989 Little Falls 214793: 1953-1994 Maple Plain 215136: 1901-1907, 1915-1981 Marshall 215204: 1961-1980 Milan 215400: 1941-1994 Mora 215615: 1951-1994 New London 215843: 1940-1944, 1952-1969, 1974-1990 Ortonville 216224: 1956-1965, 1970-1979 Ottertail 216276: 1951-1991 Pipestone 216565: 1947-1970 Preston 216654: 1952-1962, 1968-1984 Red Lake I.A. 216795: 1956-1985 St. James 217326: 1951-1984 Sandy Lake Dam 217460: 1917-1959 Springfield 217907: 1950-1994 Spring Grove 217915: 1935-1981 Tracy 218323: 1933-1938, 1942-1950, 1960-1994 Vesta 218520: 1952-1985 Virginia 218543: 1911-1918, 1923-1983 Wayland 218763: 1952-1981 Windom 219033: 1945-1953, 1956-1976, 1980-1994 Winnebago 219046: 1902-1908, 1942-1994 MISSOURI First-order Stations Columbia 13983- 1901-1995 Kansas City 13988- 1901-1995 St. Louis 13994- 1901-1995 Springfield 13995- 1901-1995 St. Joseph 13993- 1910-1963 Cooperative Substations Amity 230143: 1935-1974 Anderson 230164: 1901-1905, 1926-1930, 1936-1945 Appleton City 230204: 1921-1929, 1933-1953, 1960-1968 Arcadia 230224: 1901-1920, 1927-1935 Auxvasse 230357: 1945-1978 Bethany 230608: 1901-1909, 1931-1949, 1960-1968, 1987-1994 Bolivar 230789: 1901-1908, 1940-1955 Brunswick 231037: 1905-1949, 1960-1970, 1984-1994 Caruthersville 231364: 1901-1907, 1912-1924, 1944-1972 Clifton City 231704: 1922-1945 Eldon 232503: 1915-1929, 1940-1955, 1962-1969, 1980-1988 Farmington 232809: 1921-1927, 1931-1938, 1944-1964 Fayette 232823: 1901-1920, 1945-1951 Fulton 233079: 1916-1920, 1927-1935, 1947-1953, 1969-1975, 1980-1994 Jackson 234226: 1909-1918, 1943-1973 Jefferson City 234271: 1941-1961 Kidder 234300:1901-1920 Kirksville 234544: 1907-1912, 1940-1949, 1961-1966 Koshkonong 234700: 1902-1912, 1939-1960 Lamar 234705: 1901-1915, 1981-1988 Lemont 234900: 1901-1914, 1927-1934 Lexington 234904: 1909-1917, 1924-1940 Lockwood 235027: 1904-1909, 1932-1949, 1979-1984 Lousiana 235098: 1902-1908, 1912-1918, 1924-1929, 1948-1955 Maryville 235340: 1925-1949 Mexico 235541: 1901-1947, 1960-1975 Mt. Vernon 235861: 1938-1943, 1949-1968 Neosho 235876: 1901-1929, 1936-1960 New Florence 236007: 1945-1978 Oakfield 236200: 1901-1920 Oregon 236357: 1901-1924, 1933-1938, 1942-1949, 1959-1966, 1977-1981 Pleasant Hill 236748: 1941-1970 Rolla 237263: 1901-1912, 1937-1968, 1982-1994 St.Louis University 237465: 1914-1955 Salem 237506: 1904-1913, 1916-1928 Sedalia 237632: 1942-1964 Sikeston 237772: 1901-1910, 1944-1967 Steffenville 238051: 1903-1935, 1942-1949, 1976-1988 Sweet Springs 238223: 1941-1960 Tarkio 238289: 1947-1970 Versailles 238603: 1932-1939, 1961-1965, 1983-1994 Warrensburg 238712: 1905-1909, 1923-1948 Warrenton 238725: 1903-1929, 1932-1941, 1945-1953 Warsaw 238733: 1908-1917, 1920-1924, 1933-1943 West Plains 238880: 1939-1944, 1947-1980, 1985-1990 MONTANA First-order Stations Billings 24033- 1940-1995 Glasgow 94008- 1960-1995 Great Falls 24143- 1931-1995 Havre 24035- 1901-1995 Helena 24144- 1901-1995 Kalispell 24146- 1901-1995 Cooperative Substations Albion 240088: 1946-1956, 1966-1978 Apex 240236: 1950-1972 Ballantine 240432: 1931-1951 Barber 240466: 1946-1952, 1959-1976 Brady Azone 241080: 1912-1916, 1922-1947, 1961-1981 Bridger 241102: 1949-1992 Broadus 241127: 1961-1980 Brusett 241231: 1942-1986 Busby 241297: 1941-1971, 1975-1994 Busteed 241362: 1908-1936 Campbell Farm 241418: 1940-1959 Columbus 241938: 1948-1960, 1972-1980 Copper 242012: 1906-1949 Culbertson 242122: 1934-1941, 1955-1993 Dillon 242400: 1902-1935 Divide 242421: 1949-1978 Dunkirk 242500: 1956-1976 Flat Willow 243013: 1915-1994 Forks 243089: 1919-1933, 1944-1954, 1957-1994 Ft. Logan 243100: 1956-1994 Galata 243346: 1951-1994 Geraldine 243455: 1927-1948,1961-1984, 1990-1994 Gibson Dam 243489: 1938-1991 Glendive 243581: 1942-1994 Harlowton 243939: 1950-1989 Haxby 244007: 1971-1991 Lewistown 10S 244978: 1961-1987 Lewistown 244985: 1901-1948 Lima 245030: 1948-1994 Livingston 245080: 1965-1994 Loweth 245235: 1926-1958 Lustre 245285: 1948-1989 Martinsdale 245387: 1947-1964, 1973-1994 Melstone 245596: 1949-1994 Mystic Lake 245961: 1948-1990 Opheim 12S 246238: 1948-1966, 1974-1994 Red Lodge 246918: 1956-1993 Roy 247228: 1962-1994 Shelby 247501: 1958-1983 Stanford 247858: 1944-1955, 1961-1994 Vida 248569: 1937-1948, 1956-1967 Virginia City 248597: 1961-1994 West Yellowstone 248700: 1961-1980 White Sulphur Springs 248927: 1942-1969 Wisdom 249067: 1948-1980 Yellowstone Park NE 249211: 1946-1969 NEBRASKA First-order Stations Grand Island 14935- 1901-1995 Lincoln 14939- 1901-1995 Norfolk 14941- 1960-65, 1975-1995 North Platte 24023- 1901-1995 Omaha 14942- 1901-1995 Scottsbluff 24028- 1903-1995 Valentine 24032- 1905-65, 1984-1995 Cooperative Substations Ainsworth 250050: 1906-1926, 1941-1954, 1958-1983 Albion 250326: 1910-1948 Alliance 250130: 1927-1934, 1941-1971 Arcadia 250320: 1901-1908, 1932-1971 Atkinson 250420: 1946-1971 Big Springs 250865: 1941-1965 Central City 251560: 1952-1971 Clay Center 251680: 1948-1974, 1978-1986 Crete 252020: 1950-1969 Dalton 252145: 1938-1978 Ellsmere 252629: 1960-1994 Eustis 252790: 1946-1964, 1970-1994 Fairbury 252820: 1908-1939, 1952-1994 Falls City 252850: 1941-1979 Ft. Robinson 253015: 1901-1951 Franklin 253035: 1923-1942 Fremont 253050: 1922-1930, 1937-1949 Genoa 253320: 1901-1915, 1950-1994 Gordon 253355: 1914-1929, 1947-1962 Hartington 253630: 1918-1954 Harrison 253615: 1941-1994 Hay Springs 253710: 1901-1905, 1911-1928, 1941-1952 Kearney 254335: 1949-1978 Kimball 254440: 1901-1928, 1954-1994 Lyons 255050: 1952-1975 Madrid 255090: 1904-1910, 1915-1920, 1954-1982 Nenzel 255860: 1901-1916, 1955-1965, 1973-1981 Newcastle 255895: 1945-1980 Newport 255925: 1961-1994 Oakdale 256135: 1901-1971, 1977-1994 Oconoto 256167: 1949-1973 Ord 256335: 1951-1980 Stapleton 258130: 1922-1928, 1932-1951, 1956-1983 Superior 258320: 1945-1950, 1955-1994 Table Rock 258410: 1903-1933, 1961-1994 Wallace 258920: 1956-1994 NEW MEXICO First-order Stations Albuquerque 23050- 1919-1995 Roswell 23009- 1901-1968, 1973-1995 Santa Fe 29790- 1901-1941 Cooperative Substations Abbott 280022: 1910-1929 Almagordo 280205: 1934-1945, 1949-1974 Animas 280417: 1926-1931, 1946-1954, 1958-1962 Aztec 280692: 1911-1919, 1922-1926, 1938-1950, 1957-1965 Bandelier 280743: 1947-1976 Bateman Ranch 280795: 1917-1926, 1936-1969 Bernalillo 280903: 1939-1944, 1954-1980 Bloomfield 281063: 1905-1929, 1940-1946 Capitan 281440: 1922-1937, 1948-1952 Capulin 281452: 1918-1929, 1948-1971 Chama 281664: 1921-1965 Cimarron 281813: 1904-1952 Corona 282093: 1948-1973, 1980-1992 Des Moines 282453: 1916-1923, 1945-1952, 1955-1992 Dulce 282608: 1906-1915, 1923-1932, 1961-1971, 1985-1994 Ft. Bayard 283265: 1901-1907, 1912-1919, 1923-1943 Ft. Summer 283294: 1918-1929, 1938-1944, 1958-1969, 1978-1994 Lordsburg 285079: 1939-1953, 1958-1962 Los Alamos 285084: 1922-1928, 1942-1950, 1961-1994 Mescalero 285651: 1911-1915, 1918-1924, 1932-1943, 1963-1971 Redrock 287340: 1910-1914, 1949-1994 Socorro 288387: 1909-1913, 1921-1927, 1940-1949 NORTH CAROLINA First-order Stations Asheville 13812- 1903-1996 Cape Hatteras 93729- 1901-1995 Charlotte 13881- 1901-1996 Raleigh 13722- 1901-1995 Wilimington 13748- 1901-1995 Winston-Salem 93807- 1944-1963 Cooperative Substations Albermarle 310090: 1912-1926, 1946-1954 Altapass 310160: 1914-1926, 1929-1936 Andrews 310184: 1912-1934, 1938-1946 Belhaven 310674: 1948-1980 Boone 310977: 1931-1947, 1951-1961 Brevard 311055: 1901-1929, 1949-1960 Canton 311441: 1931-1938, 1947-1988 Clinton 311877: 1907-1911, 1938-1958 Concord 311975: 1941-1977 Cullowhee 312200: 1915-1942 Deep Creek 312280: 1929-1948 Elizabeth City 312719: 1936-1967 Fayetteville 313017: 1915-1935, 1948-1954 Goldsboro 313510: 1913-1934, 1944-1955 Henderson 313969: 1901-1925, 1936-1956 Hickory 314015: 1936-1945, 1948-1960 Highlands 314055: 1901-1905, 1910-1947, 1951-1961, 1977-1985 Hot Springs 314260: 1901-1918, 1961-1965 Jefferson 314496: 1908-1919, 1929-1941 Kinston 314684: 1901-1913, 1942-1961 Lenoir 314938: 1916-1927, 1944-1959 Lexington 314970: 1905-1909, 1939-1994 Louisburg 315123: 1901-1920, 1926-1955 Lumberton 315177: 1903-1926. 1956-1971 Marion 315340: 1901-1929 Morganton 315838: 1911-1937 Mt. Airy 315890: 1904-1913, 1924-1935, 1942-1955, 1978-1994 Nashville 316044: 1904-1963 New Bern 316103: 1901-1974 Oxford 316507: 1923-1942, 1959-1963 Parker 316565: 1917-1962 Rock House 317363: 1917-1949 Roxboro 317516: 1929-1952, 1962-1990 Salisbury 317615: 1919-1940 Settle 317789: 1901-1957 Siler City 317924: 1932-1961 Sloan 317974: 1901-1920 Southport 318113: 1901-1941 Statesville 318292: 1901-1907, 1949-1965, 1978-1990 Tarboro 318500: 1931-1940, 1943-1952 Wadesboro 318964: 1950-1965, 1970-1990 Washington 319100: 1901-1907, 1946-1992 Waynesville 319147: 1921-1943 Willard 319423: 1939-1972 Wilson 319476: 1937-1960 NORTH DAKOTA First-order Stations Bismarck 24011- 1901-1995 Fargo 14914- 1901-1995 Williston 94014- 1901-1995 Cooperative Substations Almont 320136: 1949-1973 Beach 320590: 1949-1957, 1969-1979 Belcourt 320626: 1951-1978 Berthhold 320729: 1915-1922, 1959-1980 Bowman 11SE 320998: 1960-1980 Center 321456: 1951-1978 Cooperstown 321766: 1956-1994 Crosby 321871: 1907-1913, 1944-1956, 1961-1994 Dickinson 322183: 1901-1916, 1942-1947, 1961-1972, 1976-1980 Edmore 322525: 1961-1983 Fairfield 322809: 1951-1985 Fessenden 322949: 1954-1977 Fullerton 323287: 1941-1947, 1957-1981 Garrison 323376: 1912-1922, 1952-1983 Hague 323826: 1954-1994 Jamestown 324413: 1942-1950, 1961-1980 Litchville 325230: 1952-1994 Mayville 325660: 1945-1955, 1958-1977 McHenry 325730: 1913-1920, 1937-1994 McLeod 325754: 1919-1934, 1952-1986 Minot Experiment Station 325993: 1939-1978 Montpelier 326105: 1950-1967, 1975-1994 Oakes 326620: 1929-1935, 1950-1973 Parshall 326867: 1951-1966, 1969-1974 Pretty Rock 327311: 1949-1972 Richardton Abbey 327530: 1935-1962, 1977-1994 Sharon 327986: 1924-1983 Tuttle 328850: 1950-1970 Velva 328990: 1927-1972 Wahpeton 329100: 1946-1957, 1962-1994 OHIO First-order Stations Akron 14895- 1933-1995 Cincinnati 93890 - 1901-1995 Cleveland 14820- 1901-1995 Columbus 93891- 1901-1995 Dayton 93815- 1912-1995 Toledo 94830- 1901-1995 Youngstown 14852- 1925-38, 1943-46, 1951-1995 Cooperative Substations Ashland 330256: 1913-1965, 1968-1974 Bellefontaine 330563: 1904-1919, 1929-1943, 1955-1986 Bucyrus 331072: 1926-1948 Cadiz 331152: 1904-1934 Chardon 331458: 1946-1969 Chippewa Lake 331541: 1903-1944 Delaware 332119: 1901-1911, 1926-1938, 1961-1987 Elyria 332599: 1949-1969 Findlay 332791: 1955-1994 Fremont 332890: 1902-1942 Hiram 333780: 1901-1992 Kenton 334189: 1907-1945 Lima 334551: 1901-1909, 1955-1975 Marietta 334927: 1963-1994 Marion 334937: 1901-1940 McConnelsville 335041: 1901-1934 Montpelier 335438: 1907-1919, 1931-1956 Norwalk 336118: 1906-1994 Oberlin 336196: 1902-1919, 1936-1948 Pandora 336405: 1955-1994 Philo 336590: 1902-1960, 1981-1994 Portsmouth 336781: 1901-1948, 1964-1980 Ravenna 336949: 1949-1970 Sandusky 337447: 1901-1980 Springfield 337925: 1945-1969 Tiffin 338313: 1901-1950 Urbana 338552: 1925-1944 Warren 338769: 1904-1940 Wauseon 338822: 1901-1919, 1926-1941, 1955-1975 Waverly 338830: 1901-1928, 1946-1971 Willoughby 339200: 1911-1927, 1951-1967 Wooster 339312: 1901-1950 OKLAHOMA First-order Stations Oklahoma City 13967- 1901-1995 Tulsa 13968- 1910-1995 Cooperative Substations Alva 340193: 1912-1946 Apache 340260: 1942-1960, 1964-1969, 1987-1994 Ardmore 340292: 1938-1965, 1968-1975 Arnett 340332: 1928-1948 Blackwell 340814: 1945-1949, 1958-1974 Gage 343407: 1942-1962 Geary 343497: 1912-1956 Goodwell 343628: 1932-1937, 1940-1950, 1957-1965, 1972-1991 Guthrie 343821: 1903-1907, 1919-1941, 1945-1949, 1984-1994 Hennessey 344055: 1910-1914, 1936-1956 Holdenville 344235: 1921-1946, 1955-1963, 1977-1994 Jefferson 344573: 1911-1917, 1927-1932, 1936-1942, 1944-1961 Kingfisher 344861: 1901-1918, 1938-1952, 1956-1962, 1966-1973 Marlow 345581: 1901-1906, 1956-1994 McAlester 345662: 1901-1920, 1941-1949 Meeker 345779: 1939-1945, 1953-1965 Poteau 347246: 1931-1945, 1955-1984 Seminole 348042: 1947-1966 Supply 348627: 1924-1930, 1950-1964 Tahlequah 348677: 1920-1926, 1935-1948, 1957-1964 Vinita 349203: 1916-1944, 1949-1953 Weatherford 349422: 1918-1941, 1944-1950 OREGON First-order Stations Burns 24134- 1943-1968, 1984-1987 Eugene 24221 - 1931-1995 Meacham 24152- 1945-1970 Medford 24225- 1928-1995 Pendleton 24151- 1937-1995 Portland 24274- 1901-1995 Roseburg 24231- 1951-1964 Salem 24333- 1938-1995 Cooperative Substations Antelope 350197: 1946-1982 Astor 350318: 1937-1972 Austin 350356: 1943-1979 Baker 350409: 1901-1908, 1911-1955 Bend 350694: 1903-1919, 1940-1978 Beulah 350723: 1942-1977 Canary 351324: 1948-1994 Cascade Locks 351430: 1902-1953 Chemult 351546: 1939-1980 Chiloquin 351571: 1913-1917, 1952-1994 Condon 351765: 1911-1920, 1933-1994 Cornucopia 351852: 1909-1934, 1949-1958 Crater Lake 351946: 1920-1944, 1947-1977 Dayville 352168: 1906-1934, 1940-1986 Dufur 352440: 1909-1927, 1945-1994 Enterprise 352672: 1933-1963 Estacada 352693: 1917-1964 Fairview 352750: 1901-1923, 1931-1944 Forest Grove 352997: 1919-1959 Granite 353430: 1949-1968 Grizzly 353542: 1935-1974 Halfway 353604: 1937-1941, 1946-1993 Hart Mountain 353692: 1941-1994 Heppner 353827: 1933-1985 Huntington 354098: 1952-1985 Illahe 354133: 1941-1964, 1967-1982 John Day 354291: 1952-1994 Keno 354403: 1947-1994 Klamath Falls 354506: 1907-1911, 1948-1964 Lakeview 354670: 1931-1936, 1941-1976 Long Creek 355020: 1954-1983 Lower Hay Creek 355080: 1944-1994 McMinnville 355384: 1903-1920, 1937-1956 Minam 355610: 1927-1984 Mikkalo 355545: 1943-1949, 1956-1985 Molalla 355677: 1936-1976 Ochoco 356243: 1909-1923, 1937-1951 Owyhee Dam 356405: 1947-1966 Pilot Rock 356634:1925-1942, 1949-1965 Prineville 356883: 1940-1964 Prospect 356907: 1927-1977 Riverside 357200: 1901-1943 Rock Creek 357250: 1925-1994 The Poplars 358420: 1942-1968, 1982-1993 Union 358746: 1943-1974 Vale 358797: 1934-1948, 1951-1961 Valsetz 358833: 1948-1969 Weston 359213: 1901-1925, 1928-1965 SOUTH CAROLINA First-order Stations Charleston 13880- 1901-1996 Columbia 13883- 1901-1996 Greenville 13870- 1918-1995 Cooperative Substations Aiken 380074: 1902-1909, 1920-1929, 1952-1965 Anderson 380165: 1901-1905, 1916-1927, 1943-1950 Beaufort 380559: 1901-1918, 1927-1939, 1958-1965, 1987-1994 Bishopville 380736: 1933-1952 Blackville 380764: 1901-1912, 1928-1950 Caesars Head 381256: 1947-1966, 1985-1989 Calhoun Falls 381277: 1928-1939, 1943-1950 Camden 381310: 1901-1910, 1922-1939 Cheraw 381588: 1901-1917, 1937-1948 Chester 381633: 1923-1930, 1938-1973, 1984-1994 Conway 381797: 1927-1947 Darlington 382260: 1901-1905, 1935-1957 Georgetown 383468: 1909-1922, 1952-1966 Kingstree 384753: 1901-1915, 1924-1929 Landrum 384936: 1915-1935, 1952-1960 Laurens 385017: 1919-1937, 1944-1948 Little Mountain 385200: 1901-1989 McColl 385633: 1936-1956, 1965-1969, 1974-1989 Newberry 386209: 1904-1921, 1924-1940, 1965-1971 Pinopolis 386892: 1901-1917, 1925-1931 Saluda 387631: 1904-1910, 1925-1933, 1948-1965, 1989-1994 Santuck 387722: 1901-1932 Spartanburg 388191: 1901-1924, 1930-1940 Summerville 388426: 1902-1933, 1965-1979, 1987-1991 Trenton 388714: 1901-1934 Walhalla 388887: 1901-1905, 1916-1941 Walterboro 388922: 1904-1920, 1962-1986 Winthrop College 389350: 1901-1916, 1965-1994 SOUTH DAKOTA First-order Stations Aberdeen 14929- 1937-1978 Huron 14936- 1901-1995 Pierre 24025- 1905-1964 Rapid City 24090- 1901-1995 Sioux Falls 14944- 1942-1995 Cooperative Substations Academy 390043: 1911-1919, 1950-1957, 1964-1972, 1975-1982 Alexandria 390128: 1963-1994 Ardmore 390200: 1914-1920, 1924-1945, 1957-1994 Armour 390296: 1901-1909, 1917-1927, 1948-1973 Belle Fourche 2NE 390559: 1935-1946, 1953-1986 Belle Fourche 29NNW 390567: 1951-1982 Bryant 391102: 1961-1994 Buskala Ranch 391246: 1910-1982 Castlewood 391519: 1906-1937, 1940-1951, 1962-1994 Cedar Butte 391539: 1953-1975 Clark 391739: 1901-1906, 1915-1935, 1940-1944 Conde 391917: 1958-1970, 1974-1992 Deerfield Dam 392228: 1910-1933, 1939-1944, 1955-1979 Dumont 392409: 1909-1941, 1954-1964 Dupree 392429: 1922-1958, 1961-1966, 1975-1981 Dupree 16S 392438: 1952-1984 Eureka 392797: 1926-1941, 1946-1971 Faulkton 392927: 1907-1930, 1934-1943, 1947-1953 Harding 393560: 1952-1994 Harrold 393608: 1964-1989 Hopewell 393987: 1910-1925, 1952-1967, 1971-1982 Hot Springs 394007: 1908-1917, 1943-1971, 1974-1980 Ipswich 394206: 1901-1907, 1955-1969, 1976-1982 Kennebec 394516: 1944-1949, 1959-1968, 1974-1988 Lead 394834: 1909-1917, 1926-1994 Manderson 395154: 1950-1981 Martin 395281: 1939-1949, 1953-1966, 1974-1978 Menno 395481: 1928-1994 Milesville 395544: 1950-1977 Mission 395638: 1953-1965, 1972-1981, 1986-1990 Mt. Rushmore 395870: 1962-1994 Onaka 396282: 1933-1937, 1941-1952, 1956-1976 Ralph 396907: 1956-1967, 1972-1990 Redig 397062: 1915-1920, 1924-1928, 1941-1982 Redfield 397047: 1922-1930, 1938-1945, 1949-1970 Roscoe 397277: 1935-1964 Timber Lake 398307: 1926-1933, 1949-1994 Vermillion 398622: 1901-1905, 1909-1918, 1960-1970, 1978-1994 Victor 398652: 1937-1970, 1976-1994 Wagner 398767: 1950-1994 Watertown 398800: 1942-1963 Wentworth 399042: 1936-1946, 1955-1967, 1970-1987 Wessington Springs 399077: 1941-1957, 1961-1975 Yankton 399502: 1905-1932, 1963-1982 Zeona 399537: 1950-1958, 1962-1966, 1975-1980 TENNESSEE First-order Stations Chattanooga 13882- 1901-1996 Memphis 13893- 1901-1996 Nashville 13897- 1903-1995 Knoxville 13891- 1901-1995 Cooperative Substations Ashwood 400271: 1901-1905, 1915-1924, 1931-1935, 1950-1977 Bolivar 400870: 1901-1913, 1927-1942, 1948-1960 Brownsville 401145: 1910-1924, 1932-1953 Cedar Hill 401551: 1904-1920, 1916-1920, 1933-1938, 1941-1946 Clarksville 401790: 1901-1906, 1916-1958 Coldwater 401916: 1921-1934, 1946-1952 Cookeville 402009: 1915-1922, 1924-1938 Copperhill 402024: 1917-1923, 1941-1986 Crossville 402207: 1912-1922, 1949-1959, 1966-1975 Decatur 402435: 1903-1919, 1924-1940 Dickson 402489: 1901-1905, 1919-1927, 1960-1985 Dover 402589: 1904-1912, 1925-1935 Florence 403671: 1901-1921 Hohenwald 404223: 1907-1930 Jackson 404566: 1927-1936, 1945-1954 Kenton 404771: 1903-1918, 1928-1935, 1941-1952 Kingsport 404858: 1925-1932, 1938-1958 Lebanon 405108: 1910-1929 Lewisburg 405187: 1901-1940 Lynnville 405535: 1901-1911, 1929-1940, 1944-1949, 1964-1971 Martin 405681: 1937-1942, 1949-1954, 1960-1975 McMinnville 405882: 1902-1917, 1961-1970 Milan 406012: 1917-1992 Murfreesboro 406371: 1901-1920, 1931-1937, 1948-1976 Newbern 406471: 1942-1954, 1962-1966, 1970-1993 Newport 406534: 1926-1933, 1951-1962 Palmetto 406950: 1912-1937, 1941-1956 Rogersville 407884: 1901-1909, 1924-1928, 1940-1945 Rugby 407979: 1901-1912, 1933-1941 Tullahoma 409155: 1901-1909, 1952-1956, 1962-1979 Waynesboro 409502: 1906-1933, 1950-1954 TEXAS First-order Stations Amarillo 23047- 1919-1995 Abilene 13962- 1919-1995 Austin 13958- 1919-1995 Brownsville 12919- 1919-1995 Corpus Christi 12924- 1948-1995 Dallas 13960- 1919-1995 El Paso 23044- 1919-1995 Ft. Worth 03927- 1919-1973 Houston 12960- 1919-1995 Lubbock 23042- 1919-1995 Midland 23023- 1947-1995 Port Arthur 12917- 1919-1995 San Angelo 23034- 1919-1995 San Antonio 12921- 1919-1995 Victoria 12912- 1950-1995 Waco 13959- 1949-1995 Wichita Falls 13966- 1926-1995 Cooperative Substations Alpine 410174: 1933-1950, 1958-1970 Balmorhea 410498: 1926-1970 Big Springs 410786: 1932-1969 Brady 411017: 1939-1971 Coleman 411875: 1919-1924, 1930-1935, 1938-1948 Crosbyton 412121: 1919-1929, 1932-1937, 1949-1957 Dalhart 412239: 1930-1950 Del Rio 412360: 1919-1960 Goldthwaite 413614: 1936-1967 Henrietta 414093: 1926-1946 Junction 414670: 1936-1957, 1970-1976 Kaufman 414705: 1920-1949 Levelland 415183: 1936-1941, 1948-1961, 1969-1990 Llano 415272: 1929-1960, 1965-1980 Munday 416146: 1919-1933, 1937-1950, 1955-1968 Palestine 416757: 1926-1950 Pampa 416775: 1932-1963 Paris 416794: 1931-1950 Plainview 417079: 1919-1989 Shamrock 418235: 1931-1950 Sherman 418274: 1919-1935, 1937-1941 Silverton 418323: 1942-1963 Vega 419330: 1923-1928, 1932-1982 Yoakum 419952: 1926-1956 VIRGINIA First-order Stations Lynchburg 13733- 1908-70, 1984-1995 Norfolk 13737- 1905-1996 Richmond 13740- 1901-1995 Roanoke 13741- 1941-1995 Cooperative Substations Ashland 440327: 1901-1921, 1924-1928 Bedford 440551: 1933-1952 Berryville 440670: 1933-1956 Big Meadows 440720: 1937-1945, 1957-1994 Burkes Garden 441209: 1901-1934, 1955-1967 Callaville 441280: 1917-1927, 1933-1944 Catawaba 441471: 1911-1917, 1949-1962 Charlottesville 441593: 1902-1950, 1953-1962, 1966-1976 Chatham 441614: 1928-1940, 1943-1960 Clarendon 441729: 1936-1955 Columbia 441929: 1901-1931, 1940-1951 Concord 441955: 1951-1994 Culpepper 442155: 1908-1917, 1947-1958 Dahlgreen 442195: 1921-1940, 1953-1961 Dale Enterprise 442208: 1901-1920, 1943-1962 Damascus 442216: 1939-1956, 1962-1967 Dante 442237: 1920-1949 Danville 442245: 1930-1952 Diamond Springs 442368: 1939-1962 Farmville 442941: 1901-1906, 1931-1944 Floyd 443071: 1933-1958 Fredricksburg 443192: 1901-1920, 1941-1947, 1951-1958 Hopewell 444101: 1920-1931, 1947-1960 Hot Springs 444128: 1911-1953 Langley 444720: 1921-1963 Lexington 444876: 1901-1905, 1910-1937 Lincoln 444909: 1919-1939, 1944-1957 Louisa 445050: 1916-1925, 1948-1961 Manassas 445213: 1948-1967 New Canton 446004: 1905-1937, 1948-1956 Newport News 446054: 1904-1924 Pennington Gap 446626: 1933-1940, 1947-1974, 1982-1994 Piedmont Field Station 446712: 1947-1988 Rocky Mount 447338: 1915-1926, 1943-1956 Saltville 447506: 1923-1970 Staunton 448062: 1901-1922, 1930-1934 Timberville 448448: 1941-1957, 1962-1989 Walkerton 448800: 1936-1960 Warsaw 448894: 1953-1994 Winchester 449186: 1915-1920, 1939-1954 WASHINGTON First-order Stations Olympia 24227- 1951-1995 Seattle 24281- 1901-1995 Spokane 24414- 1901-1995 Tatoosh Island 24240- 1901-1950 Walla Walla 94103- 1901-1970 Yakima 24243- 1947-1995 Cooperative Substations Anacortes 450176 : 1938-1976 Anatone 450184: 1945-1949, 1953-1968 Chelan 451350: 1923-1945, 1953-1965 Chewelah 451395: 1941-1978 Cle Elum 451504: 1902-1927, 1963-1971 Colfax 451586: 1901-1905, 1934-1945, 1957-1983, 1987-1991 Conconully 451666: 1933-1957 Coulee Dam 451767: 1941-1946, 1950-1974 Davenport 452007: 1926-1940, 1955-1974 Dayton 452030: 1903-1916, 1925-1948, 1954-1976 Forks 452914: 1912-1922, 1928-1994 Grapeview 453284: 1908-1955 Hatton 453546: 1905-1913, 1918-1928, 1953-1983 Kennewick 454154: 1925-1935, 1954-1977 La Crosse 454338: 1908-1921, 1924-1950 Longview 454769: 1925-1944 Moxee City 455688: 1901-1945 Newport 455844: 1910-1919, 1945-1975, 1984-1989 North Head 455850: 1903-1950 Northport 455946: 1910-1914, 1944-1954 Oakville 456011: 1916-1930, 1943-1964 Olga 456096: 1901-1975 Oroville 456187: 1928-1937, 1959-1968 Pomeroy 456610: 1902-1920, 1959-1964 Pt. Townsend 456678: 1938-1944, 1952-1956, 1960-1982 Prosser 456768: 1946-1950, 1954-1970 Republic 456974: 1901-1913, 1919-1934, 1952-1958 Rosalia 457180: 1901-1907, 1917-1946, 1960-1969 Snoqualmie Falls 457773: 1931-1956, 1961-1982 Startup 458034: 1927-1931, 1941-1946, 1951-1981 Vancouver 458773: 1901-1907, 1951-1966 Wilbur 459238: 1906-1921, 1950-1960 WISCONSIN First-order Stations Green Bay 14898- 1901-1995 LaCrosse 14920- 1901-1995 Madison 14837- 1901-1995 Milwaukee 14839- 1901-1995 Cooperative Substations Appleton 470265: 1901-1918, 1942-1981, 1985-1994 Ashland 470349: 1901-1907, 1954-1973 Brodhead 471078: 1932-1951 Crivitz High Falls 471897: 1958-1978 Eau Claire 472423: 1905-1927, 1934-1942, 1960-1964 Fond Du Lac 472839: 1908-1917, 1928-1938, 1956-1981, 1985-1994 Hancock 473405: 1947-1994 Hillsboro 473649: 1926-1945, 1948-1956 Kewaunee 474195: 1912-1920, 1949-1960, 1963-1983 Lake Mills 474482: 1901-1914, 1945-1956, 1959-1982 Lancaster 474546: 1922-1938, 1945-1952 Long Lake Dam 474829: 1935-1942, 1947-1954, 1957-1973 Mantiwoc 475017: 1901-1940, 1950-1954, 1960-1967 Marinette 475091: 1945-1959, 1969-1979 Mather 475164: 1904-1908, 1912-1917, 1949-1994 Medford 475255: 1913-1926, 1935-1946, 1956-1975, 1979-1988 Mondovi 475563: 1908-1913, 1954-1977, 1980-1994 Montello 475581: 1911-1920, 1948-1957, 1963-1978 New London 475932: 1901-1924, 1947-1960 Oconto 476208: 1950-1970, 1982-1994 Oshkosh 476330: 1911-1931, 1949-1980 Park Falls 476398: 1916-1921, 1953-1973 Portage 476718: 1901-1945, 1985-1994 Prairie du Chien 476827: 1901-1908, 1942-1955 Prairie Du Sac 476838: 1950-1989 Racine 476922: 1913-1925, 1934-1938, 1953-1994 Rest Lake 477092: 1949-1977 Rhinelander 477113: 1948-1980 Richland Center 477158: 1925-1936, 1955-1989 River Falls 477226: 1918-1940, 1959-1994 Shawano 477708: 1908-1920, 1924-1930, 1971-1994 Sheboygan 477725: 1915-1930, 1960-1985 Stevens Point 478171: 1949-1976 Sturgeon Bay 478267: 1905-1916, 1933-1994 Viroqua 478827: 1901-1919, 1956-1961 Watertown 478919: 1916-1922, 1937-1942, 1951-1965, 1976-1994 Waukesha 478937: 1946-1987 Waupaca 478951: 1906-1925, 1955-1970 Weyerhauser 479144: 1907-1972, 1984-1994 Williams Bay 479226: 1925-1930, 1938-1947, 1951-1956 Winter 479304: 1933-1940, 1944-1973 Wisconsin Rapids 479335: 1912-1927, 1956-1973 WYOMING First-order Stations Casper 24089- 1940-1995 Cheyenne 24018- 1901-1995 Lander 24021- 1931-1995 Sheridan 24029- 1907-1995 Cooperative Substations Alta 480140: 1915-1926, 1949-1959 Bedford 480605: 1945-1949, 1953-1967 Border 480915: 1948-1992 Buffalo 481165: 1918-1928, 1956-1969 Buffalo Bill Dam 481175: 1941-1974 Centennial 481610: 1915-1928, 1931-1936, 1944-1964 Clark 481770: 1915-1940 Colony 481905: 1920-1954 Crandall Creek 482135: 1923-1946 Double Four Ranch 492680: 1948-1994 Douglas 482685: 1942-1957, 1960-1994 Dull Center 482725: 1953-1994 Ft. Laramie 483490: 1928-1978 Gillette 483855: 1923-1929, 1955-1961, 1969-1993 Green River 484065: 1923-1948 Hecla 484440: 1915-1929, 1949-1994 Kaycee 485055: 1941-1986 Kendall 485115: 1948-1976 Kirtley 485170: 1915-1923, 1939-1964 La Grange 485260: 1915-1920, 1940-1967, 1979-1986 Lake Yellowstone 485345: 1915-1930, 1936-1966, 1970-1975 Lander 485390: 1923-1949 Laramie 485411: 1923-1932, 1937-1965 Midwest 486195: 1939-1965, 1978-1982 Pavillion 487115: 1924-1963 Pinedale 487260: 1949-1953, 1957-1969, 1978-1994 Rock Springs 487845: 1937-1979 South Pass City 488385: 1915-1924, 1941-1964, 1975-1979 Sundance 488705: 1915-1926, 1935-1945 Thermpolis 488875: 1956-1963, 1975-1994 Yellowstone Park 489905: 1915-1940, 1948-1973 END APPENDIX B FIRST-ODER STATION FOR OTHER STATES Data is for 1901-1995, unless noted otherwise. Albany, New York Baltimore, Maryland Birmingham, Alabama Boston, Massachusetts Harrisburg, PA Jacksonville, FL Little Rock, AK Los Angeles, CA Mobile, Al New Orleans, LA New York, NY Philadelphia, PA Phoenix, AZ Pittsburgh, PA Portland, ME Reno, NV Rochester, NY Salt Lake City, UT San Diego, CA San Francisco, CA Shreveport, LA Washington, DC APPENDIX C CROP SEASON AREA ANALYSIS FOR STATES AND STATIONS State Hail season Area of risk Colorado May-August Exclude Durango, Grand Junction and Craig Georgia April-September Include all stations Idaho April-September Include all stations Illinois May-October Exclude Anna, Cairo, Marion Indiana May-September Include all stations Iowa May-October Include all stations Kansas April-September Include all stations Kentucky May-November Include all stations Michigan May-October Exclude Calumet,Chatham, Beechwood, Bergland, Cheyboygan, Grand Marias, Houghton, Ironwood, Iron Mountain, Ishpeming, Eagle Harbor, Escanaba, Marquette, Munising, Mackinaw, Newberry, Sault Ste. Marie,Rock, Vanderbilt Minnesota May-October Exclude Babbitt, Duluth, International Falls, and Virginia Missouri May-October Include all stations Montana May-September Include all stations Nebraska April-September Include all stations New Mexico January-November Exclude Aztec,Bloomfield, Chama, and Dulce North Carolina April-October Exclude Andrews, Culowhee, Deep Creek, Highlands, and Rock House North Dakota May-September Include all stations Ohio May-September Include all stations Oklahoma April-October Include all stations Oregon May-September Exclude Astor,Florence, Forest Grove, Illabe, Sitkum, and Valsetz South Carolina April-August Include all stations South Dakota May-September Exclude Ardmore, Buskala Ranch,Deerfield Dam,Hot Springs,Lead, and Mt.Rushmore Tennessee May-November Include all stations Texas January-November ExcludeAlpine,Austin,DelRio,El Paso,Houston, Pt. Arthur,Victoria,and Yoakum Virginia May-September All stations Washington May-September Exclude Anacortes, Olga, Snoqualime Falls, and Startup Wisconsin May-September Exclude Crivitz High Falls, North Pelican, Long Lake Dam, and Rest Lake Wyoming May-August Include all stations APPENDIX D STATE HAIL INTENSITY INDICES J F M A M J J A S O N D Colorado - - - - 68 234 121 6 - - - - Georgia - - - 3 20 40 21 5 1 - - - Idaho - - - 1 9 19 31 30 6 - - - Illinois - - - - 1 5 9.5 3.5 2 1 - - Indiana - - - - 2 7.5 12.5 7 3.5 - - - Iowa - - - - 2.5 11 25.5 16.5 3.5 2 - - Kansas - - - 5 20.5 16 53 18 11 - - - Kentucky - - - - 2 6 40 25 6 5 2 - Michigan - - - - 1 7 16 11.5 1.5 1.5 - - Minnesota - - - - 3 19 57 45 9 2 - - Missouri - - - - 4 30 23 16 9.5 3 - - Montana - - - - 3 26 161 30 3 - - - Nebraska - - - 1.5 21.5 52.5 62 15.5 1.5 - - - New Mexico 2 1 1 1 122 177 37 15 15 26 21 - North Carolina - - 1 7 15 20 10 1 1 - - North Dakota - - - - 2 25 107 20 3 - - - Ohio - - - - 1 6 8 6.5 7.5 - - - Oklahoma - - - 8.5 70 78 80 27 58 24 - - Oregon - - - - 6 38 17 14 2 - - - South CarolinA - - 2 16 35 23 7 - - - - South Dakota - - - - 9 42 97 30 3 - - - Tennessee - - - - 3 10 35 30 14 7 5 - Texas 1 1 1 21 57 115 19 13 16 13 3 - Virginia - - - - 2 6 20 22 6 2 - - Washington - - - - 8 30 10 14 1 - - - Wisconsin - - - - 1 10 22 19 2 - - - Wyoming - - - - 62 240 270 77 - - - - __________________________________________________________________________